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Medical Terminology > Week 5: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 5: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is a surgical procedure that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery?

A

angioplasty

angi/o = vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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2
Q

What are large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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3
Q

What are vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Veins

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4
Q

What are microscopic blood vessels joining arterioles and venules?

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

What is pertaining to presence of a disorder at the time of birth, which may result from genetic or environmental causes?

A

Congenital

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6
Q

What is the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism?

A

Metabolism

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7
Q

What is a specialty that focuses on medical, surgical, and therapeutic treatments of heart diseases?

A

Cardiology

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8
Q

What are the general three types of cardiology specialists and what do they do?

A

Cardiologists - Treats adults

Pediatric cardiologists - Treats infants, children, and adolescents

Cardiac surgeons - Perform heart surgery to include CABG, angioplasty, pacemaker insertion, valve replacement or repair, heart transplantation, and repairs of congenital heart diseases.

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9
Q

What composes of the cardiovascular system aka the circulatory system and what is its purpose?

A

Composed of the heart (muscular pump) and extensive network of blood vessels.

Main purpose is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to the body cells and remove waste products of cellular metabolism.

The circulation of materials is dependent on the contraction of the heart, or heartbeat.

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10
Q

What coordinates the contaction and relaxation of heart’s regular rhythm?

A

Series of nodes and nerve tissues.

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11
Q

What is a contraction known as?

A

Systole

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12
Q

What is the resting period between contractions when the heart fills up with blood known as?

A

Diastole

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13
Q

Name all the areas with numbers

A
  1. Heart (cardi/o, coron/o
  2. Superior vena cava (venous system)
  3. Aortic arch (arterial system)
  4. Left coronary artery
  5. Circumflex artery
  6. Right coronary artery
  7. Left coronary vein
  8. Right coronary vein
  9. Left anterior descending artery
  10. Inferior vena cava (venous system)
  11. Apex
  12. Aorta (arterial system)
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14
Q

aneurysm/o

A

widening, widened blood vessel

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15
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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16
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

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17
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

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18
Q

atri/o

ventricul/o

A

atrium

um = structure, thing

ventricle

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19
Q

phleb/o, ven/o

and

varic/o

A

vein

dilated vein

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20
Q

vas/o

and

vascul/o

A

vessel; vas deferens; duct

means just vessel

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21
Q

inter-

A

between

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22
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing; stricture

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23
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

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24
Q

Tumor of fatty plaque
Hardening of fatty plaque

A

atheroma
atherosclerosis

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25
Q

inflammation of a vein (wall)
abnormal condition of a blood clot in a vein

A

phlebitis
phlebothrombosis

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26
Q

disease of blood vessels
tumor of a vessel

A

angiopathy
angioma

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27
Q

Diseases and Conditions

What is an abnormal widening (ballooning) of a portion of an artery as a result of weakness in its wall, or it may be present at birth (congenital)?

A

Aneurysm

The larger the aneurysm becomes, the greater is the risk of rupture

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28
Q

Diseases and Conditions

What is mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; also called angina?

A

Angina pectoris

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29
Q

Diseases and Conditions

Explain these three different types of aneurysms.

Fusiform

Saccular

Dissecting

A

Fusiform aneurysm is dilation of entire circumference of the artery.

Saccular aneurysm is bulging only on one side of the artery wall.

Dissecting aneurysm is a tear (dissection) in the wall of the artery because of bleeding into the weakened wall, which splits the wall (more common in aorta)

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30
Q

What is irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia?

A

Arrhythmia

rhythm = rhythm

ia = condition

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31
Q

What is arrhythmia in which there is rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles; usually described by the part that is contracting abnormally?

A

Fibrillation

Such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation

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32
Q

What is the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls?

A

Arteriosclerosis.. also called hardening of the arteries

33
Q

What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis caused by accumulation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and, eventually, total blockage?

A

Atherosclerosis

34
Q

What is the soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow?

A

Bruit

35
Q

What is a mass of undissolved matter (commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble) that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel?

A

Embolus

embol = plug
us = structure, thing

36
Q

What is a heart block?

Explain the three different types of heart block.

First-degree
Second-degree
Third-degree

A

Disease of the electrical system of the heart, which controls activity of heart muscle

FD - Atrioventricular (AV) block in which atrial electrical impulses are delayed by a fraction of a second before being conducted to the ventricles

SD - AV block in which only some atrial electrical impulses are conducted to the ventricles

TD - AV block in which no electrical impulses reach the ventricles; also called complete heart block (CHB)

37
Q

What occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can cause a number of symptoms, such as shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance?

A

Heart Failure (HF)

38
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Consistently elevated blood pressure, causing damage to the blood vessels and, ultimately, the heart

-tension = to stretch

39
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part as a result of an interruption of blood flow

40
Q

What is a structural abnormality in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve does not close completely, resulting in backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction?

A

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

41
Q

What is a murmur?

A

Abnormal sound heard on auscultation caused by defects in the valves or chambers of the heart

42
Q

What is necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; also called heart attack?

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

43
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Failure of the ductus arteriosus (which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch in a fetus) to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta

44
Q

What is Raynaud disease?

A

Sever, sudden vasoconstriction and spasm in fingers and toes followed by cyanosis after exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress; also called Raynaud phenomenon

45
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

Streptococcal infection that cause damage to the heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults. This causes stenosis of the heart valve eventually leading to valve replacement.

rheu = flow

46
Q

What is a stationary blood clot formed within a blood vessel or within the heart, commonly causing vascular obstruction?

A

Thrombus; also called a blood clot

47
Q

What is a formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in one of the deep veins of the lower legs?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

48
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is the insertion of a small tube (catheter) through a vein or artery, usually of an arm (brachial approach) or leg (femoral approach); the tube is threaded through a blood vessel until it reaches the heart; used to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining blood samples, or measuring pressure within the heart, and often includes interventional procedures, such as angioplasty and atherectomy?

A

Cardiac catheterization

49
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is a battery of blood tests performed to determine the presence of cardiac damage?

A

Cardiac enzyme studies

Cardiac enzyme studies measure the levels of enzymes and proteins that are linked with injury of the heart muscle. The test checks for the proteins troponin I (TnI) and troponin T (TnT).

50
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is a US technique that records blood flow velocity (speed) to image major blood vessels (arteries or veins in arms, neck, legs, abdomen) to detect obstructions caused by atherosclerotic plaques in patients at risk for a stroke; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch?

A

Doppler ultrasonography

Same device used with pregnancy US

51
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is a ultrasound technique used to image the heart and evaluate how the heart’s chambers and valves are working and to diagnose and detect pathological conditions?

A

Echocardiography (ECHO)

52
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is a creation and study of graphic recordings produced by electrical activity generated by the heart muscle; also called cardiography?

A

Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

53
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is a Holter monitor?

A

Monitoring device worn by a patient that records electrocardiograph readings (usually 24 hours) on a portable recorder while the patient conducts normal daily activities

Smaller, portable recording devices are now being used and are taped to the chest or worn on the wrist.

54
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is a ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (typically using a treadmill) while measuring oxygen consumption?

ECG that uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow?

A

Stress Test

Nuclear stress test

55
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

What is a blood test that measures protein released into blood by damaged heart muscle (not skeletal muscle) and is a highly sensitive, specific indicator of recent myocardial infarction (MI)?

A

Troponin I

56
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is a surgery that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery?

A

Angioplasty

57
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is the restoration of normal heart rhythm by applying an electrical countershock to the chest by using a device (defibrillator); also called defibrillation?

A

Cardioversion

58
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is a bypass surgery in which peripheral veins are removed, and each end of the vein is sutured onto the coronary artery to create new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries, allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle?

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

59
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is a device used to administer a defibrillating electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm?

What is a surgically implanted electrical device that continuously monitors and corrects potentially fatal arrhythmias by delivering low-energy shocks to the heart; also called implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)?

What is a portable computerized device that analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest?

A

Defibrillator

Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

Automatic external defibrillator (AED)

60
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is the surgical removal of the lining of an artery?

What is the removal of plaque (atherosclerosis) and thromboses from an occluded carotid artery to reduce the risk of stroke?

A

Endarterectomy

Carotid endarterectomy

61
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is the treatment of large varicose veins in the legs, in which a laser fiber is inserted directly into the affected vein to heat the lining within the vein, causing it to collapse, shrink, and eventually disappear; also called endovenous laser ablation (EVLA)?

A

Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT)

62
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is sclerotherapy?

A

Chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein

63
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is valvuloplasty?

A

Insertion of a balloon catheter in a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta and into the heart to widen a stenotic (stiffened) heart valve and increase blood flow; also called percutaneous valvuloplasty

64
Q

Pharmacology

What prevents clotting or coagulation of blood?

What slows the heart rate and reduces the force with which the heart muscle contracts, lowering blood pressure?

What relieves chest pain associated with angina and ease symptoms of heart failure (HF)?

What reduces cholesterol levels in blood and block production of an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol?

What dissolves (lyse) blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis?

A

Anticoagulants

Beta blockers

Nitrates

Statins

Thrombolytics

65
Q

What is the narrowing of the coronary arteries resulting in failure of the arteries to deliver an adequate supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?

What types of procedures would be used as treatment?

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

heart muscle = myocardium

Angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft

66
Q

What is a common form of atherosclerosis?

A

Arteriostenosis, usually caused by atherosclerosis

67
Q

When the myocardium is getting a decreased supply of oxygenated blood resulting in CAD, what is this condition known as?

What happens when there is a total or almost total occlusion

A

Ischemia

Ischein = to suppress emia = pertaining to blood

The myocardium dies resulted in infarction or death of tissue causing a heart attack or myocardial infarction (MI).

68
Q

What do normal healthy veins have and are strong enough to withstand lateral pressure of blood exerted on them in which allows flow to the heart in one direction?

What are incompetent veins that are dilated from long periods of pressure that prevent closure of the valves in blood vessels in which they become damaged and then do not close properly?

A

Competent valves

Varicose veins, also known as varicosities. This pooling causes varicosities that contribute to enlarged, twisted superficial veins, called varicose veins.

69
Q

Why do varicose veins appear blue, bulging, and twisted?

A

Because of oxygenated blood.

70
Q

If you have varicose veins, what are you increased risk for?

A

Thrombosis

Besides incompetent valves, varicose veins result from occupations that require prolonged standing or sitting, which causes pressure on the valves in the veins of the lower legs. Varicosities may also occur during pregnancy as the enlarging uterus increases pressure on the leg veins, compromising the free flow of blood in the lower extremities. Last, there seems to be a family tendency to develop varicose veins. Treatment consists of sclerotherapy and surgical interventions, such as endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the greater saphenous (large) veins in the legs and microphlebectomies of the lesser saphenous (small) veins. Stripping and ligation of varicose veins is less commonly performed.

71
Q

The contraction of the heart is known as which of the following?

Metabolism

Systole

Diastole

Conduction

A

Systole

72
Q

Which of the following is a combining form that means “vein”?

varic/o

thromb/o

vas/o

phleb/o

A

phleb/o

73
Q

Which of these conditions is an abnormal widening of a portion of an artery?

Arthroplasty

Aneurysm

Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis

A

Aneurysm

74
Q

aneurysm/o

vascul/o

varic/o

A

widening, widened blood vessel

vessel

dilated vein

75
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

76
Q

phleb/o, ven/o

A

vein

77
Q

vas/o

A

vessel, vas deferens, duct

78
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

79
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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