Week 4 - Resipiratory System Flashcards by NextLevel Syndrome

What means the identification of a disease of condition by a scientific evaluation of physical signs, symptoms, history, laboratory test results, and procedures?

Also, what does the word breakdown into?

Diagnosis

Dia - through, across
gnos - knowing
is - noun ending

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What means pertaining to the lungs or the respiratory system?

Also, what does the word breakdown into?

Pulmonary

Pulmon = lung
ary = pertaining to

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What is the molecular exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body’s tissues?

Respiration

Aka breathing, pulmonary ventilation, or ventilation.

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What is the meaning of thoracic and what does its breakdown mean?

Pertaining to the thorax or thoracic cage (bony enclosure formed by the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae)

Thorac = chest
ic = pertaining to

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What meaning pertaining to a blood vessel?

Also, what does the word breakdown into?

Vascular

Vascul = vessel (usually blood or lymph)
ar = pertaining to

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What is the branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases involving the structures of the lower respiratory tract, including the lungs, their airways, and chest wall (thoracic cage)?

Pulmonology, also known as pulmonary medicine

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Who treats respiratory disorders?

What are some disorders they treat?

Pulmonologists

Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, occupational and industrial lung disease, and pulmonary vascular disease. They also care for patients who require specialized ventilator support and lung transplantation.

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What does diagnosis and management of pulmonary disorders include?

Administering pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas analysis, chest x-ray (radiography), and chemical or microbiological tests.

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What does the respiratory system consist of?

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, and breathing muscles! All of these organs work together to perform the mechanical and, for the most part, unconscious mechanism of respiration.

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What are the two external and internal processes that consists of repiration?

External respiration - oxygen (O2) is inhaled into the lungs and absorbed into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide (CO2) leaves the bloodstream and enters the lungs where it is expelled during exhalation.

Internal respiration - O2 and CO2 are exchanged at the cellular level. O2 leaves the bloodstream and is delivered to the tissue cells, where it is used for energy. In exchange, CO2 enters the bloodstream from the tissues and is transported back to the lungs for removal.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Nose

Combing Form(s)

Nas/o Rhin/o

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Adenoids

Combing Form(s)

adenoid/o

The adenoid is a lymph node used to trap bacteria and viruses we breath or eat. This is also called the pharyngeal tonsil which is part of the immune system.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Tonsils

Combing Form(s)

Tonsill/o

The tonsils are lymph nodes in the back of the mouth. They also factor out bacteria and viruses that enter our body. Strep throat is a bacterial infection that can cause tonsillitis.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Pharynx

Bonus: What are the three sections?

Combing Form(s)

Pharyng/o

This is the cavity that connects to the esophagus. The three sections of the pharynx is the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Larynx

Combing Form(s)

Laryng/o

The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding vocal cords; also known as the voice box.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Trachea

What is its other name? What sits behind it?

Combing Form(s)

Trache/o

This is also known as the windpipe. The esophagus sits behind the trachea. This is reinforced by rings of cartilage extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Bronchi

Combing Form(s)

Bronch/o Bronchi/o

These are the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the trachea or windpipe.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Bronchiole

Combing Form(s)

Bronchiol/o

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Right lung or left lung

Combing Form(s)

Pulmon/o Pneum/o Pneumon/o

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Pleura

What is the purpose of the pleura?

Combing Form(s)

Pleur/o

It is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity. This protects and cushions the lungs. The tissue secretes a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the lungs to move smoothly in the chest cavity while breathing.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Alveolus (air sac)

What is the purpose of the alveolus?

Combing Form(s)

Alveol/o

This is where the lungs and the blood exhange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and out.

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Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Diaphragm

Combing Form(s)

Phren/o

This is the major muscle of respiration.

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Adenoidectomy

excision of the adenoid

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Laryngoscope

instrument used to examine the larynx

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Nasal

Pertaining to the nose

Rhinorrhea

discharge from the nose

Pharyngospasm

Involuntary spasm of the pharynx spasm = involuntary contraction, twitching

Tonsillectomy

Excision of the tonsils

Tracheotomy

Incision of the trachea otomy = incision

Alveolar

Pertaining to the alveoli (singular alveolus)

Bronchoscopy

Visual examination of the bronchi (or bronchus) scopy = visual examination

Bronchiectasis

Expansion or dilation of the bronchi (or bronchus) ectasis = expansion, dilation

Bronchiolitis

Inflammation of the bronchioles

Phrenalgia

Pain in the diaphragm

Pleurodynia

Pain the the pleura Dynia = pain

Pneumomelanosis

Abnormal condition of blackening of the lung tissue (caused by inhalation of coal dust or other black particles) melan = black osis = abnormal condition

Pneumonia

Abnormal condition of the lungs ia = condition (abnormal condition)

Pulmonologist

Specialist who treats pulmonary diseases

Thoracopathy

Disease of the thorax

Aerophagia

Act of swallowing air Aer = air phagia = swalling, eating

Cyanosis

Abnormal condition of blue (skin)

Mucoid

Resembling mucous muc = mucous oid = resembling

Mycosis

Any disease induced by a fungus myc = fungus osis = abnormal condition

Orthopnea

(labored) breathing that improves when standing or sitting up Orth/o = straight pnea = breathing

Pyothorax

Pus in the chest py/o = pus

Chondroma

Tumor composed of cartilage

Rhinoplasty

Surgical repair of the nose

Laryngoplegia

Paralysis of the larynx (voice box) Plegia = paralysis

Apnea

Not breathing A = without, not pnea = breathing

Bradypnea

Slow breathing Brady = slow

Dyspnea

Bad, painful, or difficult breathing

Eupnea

Normal breathing Eu = good, normal

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing Tachy = rapid

What are abnormal sounds heard during inhalation or expiration, with or without a stethoscope?

Abnormal breath sounds such as crackles, friction rub, rhonchi, and wheezes.

What do you call fine crackling or bubbling sounds, commonly heard during inspiration when there is fluid in the alveoli? Bonus: what is another name?

Crackles; otherwise known rales.

What is a dry, grating sound heard with a stethoscope during auscultation?

Friction rub

What is rhonchi?

Loud coarse or snoring sounds heard during inspiration or expiration; caused by obstruction.

What is a high-pitched, musical sound made on inspiration; caused by an obstruction in the trachea or the larynx?

Stridor

What is a continuous high-pitched whistling sounds, usually during expiration; caused by a narrowing of an airway?

Wheezes

What is the excessive acidity of blood as a result of an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body?

Acidosis

What is a life-threatening buildup of fluid in the air sacs (alevoli), caused by vomit into the lungs (aspiration), inhaling chemicals, pneumonia, septic shock, or trauma, preventing enough oxygen (O2) from passing into the bloodstream?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) aka adult respiratory distress syndrome.

What is anosmia?

Absence or decrease in the sense of smell an = without, not osmia = smell

What is anoxia?

Total absence of O2 in body tissue; caused by lack of O2 in inhaled air or by obstruction that prevents O2 from reaching the lungs. an = without, not oxia = oxygen

What is the condition of insufficient intake of O2 as a result of choking, toxic gases, electric shock, drugs, drowning, smoke, or trauma?

Asphyxia a = without, not sphyxia = pulse

What is an inflammatory airway disorder that results in attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise or activity, and coughing (with or without sputum)?

Asthma

What is the collapse of lung tissue, which prevents the respiratory exchange of O2 and CO2 and is caused by various conditions, including obstruction by foreign bodies, excessive secretions, or pressure on the lung from a tumor?

Atelectasis atel = incomplete, imperfect ectasis = expansion, dilation

What is an acute or chronic inflammation of mucous membranes of the bronchial airways caused by irritation, infection, or both?

Bronchitis

What is a group of viruses including COVID-19 that cause mild to life-threatening respiratory tract infections? Bonus: another name for this?

Coronavirus Also called novel coronavirus

What is an acute inflammation of the nasal passages accompanied by profuse nasal discharge; also called a cold?

Coryza

What is an acute respiratory syndrome that occurs primarily in children and infants and is characterized by laryngeal obstruction and spasm, barking cough, and stridor?

Croup

What is a genetic disease that is one of the most common types of chronic lung disease in children and young adults and causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract, possibly resulting in early death?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) -cyst = bladder ic = pertaining to fibr = fiber; fibrous tissue -osis = abnormal condition

What is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which makes it difficult to breathe and is characterized by loss of elasticity of the lung tissue and causes the small airways to collapse during forced exhalation?

Emphysema

What is a hemorrhage from the nose; also called nosebleed?

Epistaxis epi = above, upon staxis = dripping, oozing (of blood)

What is hypercapnia?

Greater than normal amounts of CO2 in blood capnia = carbon dioxide (CO2)

What is hypoxemia?

Deficiency of O2 in blood; usually a sign of respiratory impairment ox = oxygen emia = blood condition

What is hypoxia?

Deficiency of O2 in body tissues; usually a sign of respiratory impairment

What is an acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain?

Influenza

What is Otitis media (OM)

This is the inflammation of the middle ear, commonly the result of an upper respiratory infection (URI) with symptoms of otodynia; may be treated with myringotomy or tympanostomy tubes. med = middle ia = condition

What is exudative?

OM with presence of fluid, such as pus or serum.

What is an ecute infectious disease characterized by a "whoop" -sounding cough; also called whooping cough?

Pertussis

What is the inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by deep breathing or coughing?

Pleurisy pleur = pleura isy = state of, condition

What is a collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, causing complete or partial collapse of a lung?

Pneumothorax penum/o = air/lung thorax = chest

What is the completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant? also called crib death

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Name the following areas along with their term(s) from top down.

Adenoids (adenoid/o) Nose (nas/rhin) Pharynx (pharyng) Tonsils (tonsill) Larynx (laryng) Trachea (trache) Bronchi (bronch/o, bronchi/o) Bronchiole (bronchiol/o) Alveolus (air sac; alveol) Lung (pulmon, pneum, pneumon) Pleura (pleur/o) Diaphragm (phren)

With pneumothorax, what is expanding and compressing on inspiration and expiration? Bonus: What do you call the outer section of the pleural cavity? what about the area surrounding the lung itself?

The pleural cavity of the lung. On in inspiration, the pleural cavity expands putting pressure on the collapsed lung On expiration, the pleural cavity is shrinks. This condition prevents the lung from shrinking and expanding as it normally does due to the pressure of air in the cavity surrounding it. The parietal pleura and visceral pleura. Think parietal as if it governs the lung and visceral as in the sense that it is literally next to the tissue of the lung.

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures What is a group of tests that measure the oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in an arterial blood sample?

Arterial blood gases (ABGs) Venous blood gases (VBGs) are easier to obtain and less painful with less complications. These can be obtained through IV access.

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures What is a Mantoux test?

The intradermal test to determine recent or past exposure to tuberculosis (TB). This is the skin test. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold test.

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures What does polysomnography mean and what does this test accomplish?

Poly = many, much Somn/o = sleep graphy = process of recording something This is a sleep study test monitored by a technician while the patient sleeps; used to evaluate physical factors affecting sleep, such as heart rate and activity, breathing, eye and muscle movements, snoring, kicking during sleep, and sleep cycles and stages

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures What is a Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) that measures and records the volume and rate of inhaled and exhaled air? This is used to assess pulmonary function by means of a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and to assess obstructive lung diseases, especially asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Spirometry Spir/o = to breathe

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures What are these tests? (Flip)

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures What is the basic emergency procedure for life support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) ary = pertaining to

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures What is endotracheal intubation? Why is this accomplished?

Procedure in which an airway catheter is inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea just above the bronchi in patients who are unable to breathe on their own; also used to administer oxygen, medication, or anesthesia

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures What is the use of body positioning to assist in the removal of secretions from specific lobes of the lung, bronchi, or lung cavities?

Postural drainage

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures What is the use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space?

Thoracocentesis or thoracentesis

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures What is an incision into the trachea and creation of a permanent opening through which a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tube is inserted to keep the opening patent (accessible or wide open)?

Tracheostomy

Respiratory System Pharmacology What is used to dilate constricted airways by relaxing muscle spasms in the bronchial tubes through oral administration or inhalation via a metered-dose inhaler (MDI)?

Bronchodilators

Respiratory System Pharmacology What is used to suppress the inflammatory reaction that causes swelling and narrowing of the bronchi?

Corticosteroids

Respiratory System Pharmacology What are expectorants?

They improve the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract.

Respiratory System Pharmacology What is a metered-dose inhaler (MDI)?

A device that enables the patient to self-administer a specific amount of medication into the lungs through inhalation

Respiratory System Pharmacology What is a nebulized mist treatment (NMT)?

Method of administering medication directly into the lungs by using a device (nebulizer) that produces a fine spray; also called aerosol.

What can sleep apnea lead to?

Cognitive impairment, hypertension, and arrhythmias.

What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)? How is this typically marked by?

This involves a physical obstruction in the upper airways. The condition is usually marked by recurrent sleep interruptions, choking and gasping spells on awakening, and drowsiness caused by loss of normal sleep.

What is a gentle ventilator support used to keep the airways open?

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

What can OSA commonly lead to?

Central sleep apnea, pulmonary failure, and cardiac abnormalities.

Since COPD refers to a group of respiratory disorders characterized by chronic, partial obstruction of the bronchi and lungs that makes it difficult to breath, what are the major three disorders?

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. In COPD, the airway passages become clogged with mucus. Although air reaches the alveoli in the lungs during inhalation, air may not be able to withdraw during exhalation. COPD tends to be progressive and irreversible.

What are some predisposing factors to COPD?

Smoking, prolonged exposure to polluted air, respiratory infections, and allergies.

What is commonly prescribed to relieve the symptoms of COPD?

Bronchodilators and corticosteroids.

What dictates the name of an endoscopic procedure?

The cavity, organ, or canal being examined like cystoscopy, gastroscopy, or bronchoscopy.

What are the following abbreviations? ABG ARDS CF CO2 COPD CPAP CPR MDI NMT OM O2 PFT TB UPP URI

arterial blood gas adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome cystic fibrosis carbon dioxide chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continuous positive airway pressure cardiopulmonary resuscitation metered-dose inhaler nebulized mist treatment otitis media oxygen obstructive sleep apnea pulmonary function test tuberculosis uvulapalatopharyngoplasty upper respiratory infection

across the bronchial wall

transbronchial

the study of cells

cytology

ridge-like structure, which projects from the lowest tracheal cartilage

carina

wound or injury

lesion

instrument to examine the bronchus

bronchoscope

excision and examination of a small piece of living tissue for diagnostic purposes

biopsy

laboratory test for pathogen identification and antibiotic sensitivity

culture and sensitivity

through the nose

transnasally

structure containing the vocal cords

larynx

to crumble easily

friable