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Medical Terminology > Week 4 - Resipiratory System > Flashcards

Week 4 - Resipiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What means the identification of a disease of condition by a scientific evaluation of physical signs, symptoms, history, laboratory test results, and procedures?

Also, what does the word breakdown into?

A

Diagnosis

Dia - through, across
gnos - knowing
is - noun ending

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2
Q

What means pertaining to the lungs or the respiratory system?

Also, what does the word breakdown into?

A

Pulmonary

Pulmon = lung
ary = pertaining to

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3
Q

What is the molecular exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body’s tissues?

A

Respiration

Aka breathing, pulmonary ventilation, or ventilation.

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4
Q

What is the meaning of thoracic and what does its breakdown mean?

A

Pertaining to the thorax or thoracic cage (bony enclosure formed by the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae)

Thorac = chest
ic = pertaining to

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5
Q

What meaning pertaining to a blood vessel?

Also, what does the word breakdown into?

A

Vascular

Vascul = vessel (usually blood or lymph)
ar = pertaining to

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6
Q

What is the branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of diseases involving the structures of the lower respiratory tract, including the lungs, their airways, and chest wall (thoracic cage)?

A

Pulmonology, also known as pulmonary medicine

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7
Q

Who treats respiratory disorders?

What are some disorders they treat?

A

Pulmonologists

Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, occupational and industrial lung disease, and pulmonary vascular disease. They also care for patients who require specialized ventilator support and lung transplantation.

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8
Q

What does diagnosis and management of pulmonary disorders include?

A

Administering pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas analysis, chest x-ray (radiography), and chemical or microbiological tests.

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9
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, and breathing muscles! All of these organs work together to perform the mechanical and, for the most part, unconscious mechanism of respiration.

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10
Q

What are the two external and internal processes that consists of repiration?

A

External respiration - oxygen (O2) is inhaled into the lungs and absorbed into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide (CO2) leaves the bloodstream and enters the lungs where it is expelled during exhalation.

Internal respiration - O2 and CO2 are exchanged at the cellular level. O2 leaves the bloodstream and is delivered to the tissue cells, where it is used for energy. In exchange, CO2 enters the bloodstream from the tissues and is transported back to the lungs for removal.

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11
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Nose

A

Combing Form(s)

Nas/o Rhin/o

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12
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Adenoids

A

Combing Form(s)

adenoid/o

The adenoid is a lymph node used to trap bacteria and viruses we breath or eat. This is also called the pharyngeal tonsil which is part of the immune system.

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13
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Tonsils

A

Combing Form(s)

Tonsill/o

The tonsils are lymph nodes in the back of the mouth. They also factor out bacteria and viruses that enter our body. Strep throat is a bacterial infection that can cause tonsillitis.

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14
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Pharynx

Bonus: What are the three sections?

A

Combing Form(s)

Pharyng/o

This is the cavity that connects to the esophagus. The three sections of the pharynx is the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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15
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Larynx

A

Combing Form(s)

Laryng/o

The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding vocal cords; also known as the voice box.

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16
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Trachea

What is its other name? What sits behind it?

A

Combing Form(s)

Trache/o

This is also known as the windpipe. The esophagus sits behind the trachea. This is reinforced by rings of cartilage extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes

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17
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Bronchi

A

Combing Form(s)

Bronch/o Bronchi/o

These are the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the trachea or windpipe.

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18
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Bronchiole

A

Combing Form(s)

Bronchiol/o

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19
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Right lung or left lung

A

Combing Form(s)

Pulmon/o Pneum/o Pneumon/o

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20
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Pleura

What is the purpose of the pleura?

A

Combing Form(s)

Pleur/o

It is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity. This protects and cushions the lungs. The tissue secretes a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the lungs to move smoothly in the chest cavity while breathing.

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21
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Alveolus (air sac)

What is the purpose of the alveolus?

A

Combing Form(s)

Alveol/o

This is where the lungs and the blood exhange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and out.

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22
Q

Name the combining form(s) associated with the following term:

Diaphragm

A

Combing Form(s)

Phren/o

This is the major muscle of respiration.

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23
Q

Adenoidectomy

A

excision of the adenoid

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24
Q

Laryngoscope

A

instrument used to examine the larynx

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25
Q

Nasal

A

Pertaining to the nose

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26
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

discharge from the nose

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27
Q

Pharyngospasm

A

Involuntary spasm of the pharynx

spasm = involuntary contraction, twitching

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28
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

Excision of the tonsils

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29
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Incision of the trachea

otomy = incision

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30
Q

Alveolar

A

Pertaining to the alveoli (singular alveolus)

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31
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Visual examination of the bronchi (or bronchus)

scopy = visual examination

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32
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Expansion or dilation of the bronchi (or bronchus)

ectasis = expansion, dilation

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33
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

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34
Q

Phrenalgia

A

Pain in the diaphragm

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35
Q

Pleurodynia

A

Pain the the pleura

Dynia = pain

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36
Q

Pneumomelanosis

A

Abnormal condition of blackening of the lung tissue (caused by inhalation of coal dust or other black particles)

melan = black
osis = abnormal condition

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37
Q

Pneumonia

A

Abnormal condition of the lungs

ia = condition (abnormal condition)

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38
Q

Pulmonologist

A

Specialist who treats pulmonary diseases

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39
Q

Thoracopathy

A

Disease of the thorax

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40
Q

Aerophagia

A

Act of swallowing air

Aer = air
phagia = swalling, eating

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41
Q

Cyanosis

A

Abnormal condition of blue (skin)

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42
Q

Mucoid

A

Resembling mucous

muc = mucous
oid = resembling

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43
Q

Mycosis

A

Any disease induced by a fungus

myc = fungus
osis = abnormal condition

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44
Q

Orthopnea

A

(labored) breathing that improves when standing or sitting up

Orth/o = straight
pnea = breathing

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45
Q

Pyothorax

A

Pus in the chest

py/o = pus

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46
Q

Chondroma

A

Tumor composed of cartilage

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47
Q

Rhinoplasty

A

Surgical repair of the nose

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48
Q

Laryngoplegia

A

Paralysis of the larynx (voice box)

Plegia = paralysis

49
Q

Apnea

A

Not breathing

A = without, not
pnea = breathing

50
Q

Bradypnea

A

Slow breathing

Brady = slow

51
Q

Dyspnea

A

Bad, painful, or difficult breathing

52
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing

Eu = good, normal

53
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing

Tachy = rapid

54
Q

What are abnormal sounds heard during inhalation or expiration, with or without a stethoscope?

A

Abnormal breath sounds such as crackles, friction rub, rhonchi, and wheezes.

55
Q

What do you call fine crackling or bubbling sounds, commonly heard during inspiration when there is fluid in the alveoli?

Bonus: what is another name?

A

Crackles; otherwise known rales.

56
Q

What is a dry, grating sound heard with a stethoscope during auscultation?

A

Friction rub

57
Q

What is rhonchi?

A

Loud coarse or snoring sounds heard during inspiration or expiration; caused by obstruction.

58
Q

What is a high-pitched, musical sound made on inspiration; caused by an obstruction in the trachea or the larynx?

A

Stridor

59
Q

What is a continuous high-pitched whistling sounds, usually during expiration; caused by a narrowing of an airway?

A

Wheezes

60
Q

What is the excessive acidity of blood as a result of an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body?

A

Acidosis

61
Q

What is a life-threatening buildup of fluid in the air sacs (alevoli), caused by vomit into the lungs (aspiration), inhaling chemicals, pneumonia, septic shock, or trauma, preventing enough oxygen (O2) from passing into the bloodstream?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) aka adult respiratory distress syndrome.

62
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Absence or decrease in the sense of smell

an = without, not
osmia = smell

63
Q

What is anoxia?

A

Total absence of O2 in body tissue; caused by lack of O2 in inhaled air or by obstruction that prevents O2 from reaching the lungs.

an = without, not
oxia = oxygen

64
Q

What is the condition of insufficient intake of O2 as a result of choking, toxic gases, electric shock, drugs, drowning, smoke, or trauma?

A

Asphyxia

a = without, not
sphyxia = pulse

65
Q

What is an inflammatory airway disorder that results in attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise or activity, and coughing (with or without sputum)?

A

Asthma

66
Q

What is the collapse of lung tissue, which prevents the respiratory exchange of O2 and CO2 and is caused by various conditions, including obstruction by foreign bodies, excessive secretions, or pressure on the lung from a tumor?

A

Atelectasis

atel = incomplete, imperfect
ectasis = expansion, dilation

67
Q

What is an acute or chronic inflammation of mucous membranes of the bronchial airways caused by irritation, infection, or both?

A

Bronchitis

68
Q

What is a group of viruses including COVID-19 that cause mild to life-threatening respiratory tract infections?

Bonus: another name for this?

A

Coronavirus

Also called novel coronavirus

69
Q

What is an acute inflammation of the nasal passages accompanied by profuse nasal discharge; also called a cold?

A

Coryza

70
Q

What is an acute respiratory syndrome that occurs primarily in children and infants and is characterized by laryngeal obstruction and spasm, barking cough, and stridor?

A

Croup

71
Q

What is a genetic disease that is one of the most common types of chronic lung disease in children and young adults and causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract, possibly resulting in early death?

A

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

-cyst = bladder
ic = pertaining to

fibr = fiber; fibrous tissue
-osis = abnormal condition

72
Q

What is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which makes it difficult to breathe and is characterized by loss of elasticity of the lung tissue and causes the small airways to collapse during forced exhalation?

A

Emphysema

73
Q

What is a hemorrhage from the nose; also called nosebleed?

A

Epistaxis

epi = above, upon
staxis = dripping, oozing (of blood)

74
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Greater than normal amounts of CO2 in blood

capnia = carbon dioxide (CO2)

75
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Deficiency of O2 in blood; usually a sign of respiratory impairment

ox = oxygen
emia = blood condition

76
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Deficiency of O2 in body tissues; usually a sign of respiratory impairment

77
Q

What is an acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain?

A

Influenza

78
Q

What is Otitis media (OM)

A

This is the inflammation of the middle ear, commonly the result of an upper respiratory infection (URI) with symptoms of otodynia; may be treated with myringotomy or tympanostomy tubes.

med = middle
ia = condition

79
Q

What is exudative?

A

OM with presence of fluid, such as pus or serum.

80
Q

What is an ecute infectious disease characterized by a “whoop” -sounding cough; also called whooping cough?

A

Pertussis

81
Q

What is the inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by deep breathing or coughing?

A

Pleurisy

pleur = pleura
isy = state of, condition

82
Q

What is a collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, causing complete or partial collapse of a lung?

A

Pneumothorax

penum/o = air/lung
thorax = chest

83
Q

What is the completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant? also called crib death

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

84
Q

Name the following areas along with their term(s) from top down.

A

Adenoids (adenoid/o)
Nose (nas/rhin)
Pharynx (pharyng)
Tonsils (tonsill)
Larynx (laryng)
Trachea (trache)
Bronchi (bronch/o, bronchi/o)
Bronchiole (bronchiol/o)
Alveolus (air sac; alveol)
Lung (pulmon, pneum, pneumon)
Pleura (pleur/o)
Diaphragm (phren)

85
Q

With pneumothorax, what is expanding and compressing on inspiration and expiration?

Bonus: What do you call the outer section of the pleural cavity? what about the area surrounding the lung itself?

A

The pleural cavity of the lung. On in inspiration, the pleural cavity expands putting pressure on the collapsed lung On expiration, the pleural cavity is shrinks. This condition prevents the lung from shrinking and expanding as it normally does due to the pressure of air in the cavity surrounding it.

The parietal pleura and visceral pleura. Think parietal as if it governs the lung and visceral as in the sense that it is literally next to the tissue of the lung.

86
Q

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures

What is a group of tests that measure the oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in an arterial blood sample?

A

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Venous blood gases (VBGs) are easier to obtain and less painful with less complications. These can be obtained through IV access.

87
Q

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures

What is a Mantoux test?

A

The intradermal test to determine recent or past exposure to tuberculosis (TB). This is the skin test. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold test.

88
Q

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures

What does polysomnography mean and what does this test accomplish?

A

Poly = many, much
Somn/o = sleep
graphy = process of recording something

This is a sleep study test monitored by a technician while the patient sleeps; used to evaluate physical factors affecting sleep, such as heart rate and activity, breathing, eye and muscle movements, snoring, kicking during sleep, and sleep cycles and stages

89
Q

Respiratory System Diagnostic Procedures

What is a Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) that measures and records the volume and rate of inhaled and exhaled air? This is used to assess pulmonary function by means of a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and to assess obstructive lung diseases, especially asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Spirometry

Spir/o = to breathe

90
Q

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures

What are these tests? (Flip)

A
91
Q

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is the basic emergency procedure for life support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage?

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

ary = pertaining to

92
Q

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is endotracheal intubation?

Why is this accomplished?

A

Procedure in which an airway catheter is inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea just above the bronchi in patients who are unable to breathe on their own; also used to administer oxygen, medication, or anesthesia

93
Q

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is the use of body positioning to assist in the removal of secretions from specific lobes of the lung, bronchi, or lung cavities?

A

Postural drainage

94
Q

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is the use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space?

A

Thoracocentesis or thoracentesis

95
Q

Respiratory System Medical and Surgical Procedures

What is an incision into the trachea and creation of a permanent opening through which a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tube is inserted to keep the opening patent (accessible or wide open)?

A

Tracheostomy

96
Q

Respiratory System Pharmacology

What is used to dilate constricted airways by relaxing muscle spasms in the bronchial tubes through oral administration or inhalation via a metered-dose inhaler (MDI)?

A

Bronchodilators

97
Q

Respiratory System Pharmacology

What is used to suppress the inflammatory reaction that causes swelling and narrowing of the bronchi?

A

Corticosteroids

98
Q

Respiratory System Pharmacology

What are expectorants?

A

They improve the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract.

99
Q

Respiratory System Pharmacology

What is a metered-dose inhaler (MDI)?

A

A device that enables the patient to self-administer a specific amount of medication into the lungs through inhalation

100
Q

Respiratory System Pharmacology

What is a nebulized mist treatment (NMT)?

A

Method of administering medication directly into the lungs by using a device (nebulizer) that produces a fine spray; also called aerosol.

101
Q

What can sleep apnea lead to?

A

Cognitive impairment, hypertension, and arrhythmias.

102
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

How is this typically marked by?

A

This involves a physical obstruction in the upper airways.

The condition is usually marked by recurrent sleep interruptions, choking and gasping spells on awakening, and drowsiness caused by loss of normal sleep.

103
Q

What is a gentle ventilator support used to keep the airways open?

A

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

104
Q

What can OSA commonly lead to?

A

Central sleep apnea, pulmonary failure, and cardiac abnormalities.

105
Q

Since COPD refers to a group of respiratory disorders characterized by chronic, partial obstruction of the bronchi and lungs that makes it difficult to breath, what are the major three disorders?

A

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

In COPD, the airway passages become clogged with mucus. Although air reaches the alveoli in the lungs during inhalation, air may not be able to withdraw during exhalation. COPD tends to be progressive and irreversible.

106
Q

What are some predisposing factors to COPD?

A

Smoking, prolonged exposure to polluted air, respiratory infections, and allergies.

107
Q

What is commonly prescribed to relieve the symptoms of COPD?

A

Bronchodilators and corticosteroids.

108
Q

What dictates the name of an endoscopic procedure?

A

The cavity, organ, or canal being examined like cystoscopy, gastroscopy, or bronchoscopy.

109
Q

What are the following abbreviations?

ABG
ARDS
CF
CO2
COPD
CPAP
CPR
MDI
NMT
OM
O2
PFT
TB
UPP
URI

A

arterial blood gas
adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome
cystic fibrosis
carbon dioxide
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
continuous positive airway pressure
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
metered-dose inhaler
nebulized mist treatment
otitis media
oxygen
obstructive sleep apnea
pulmonary function test
tuberculosis
uvulapalatopharyngoplasty
upper respiratory infection

110
Q

across the bronchial wall

A

transbronchial

111
Q

the study of cells

A

cytology

112
Q

ridge-like structure, which projects from the lowest tracheal cartilage

A

carina

113
Q

wound or injury

A

lesion

114
Q

instrument to examine the bronchus

A

bronchoscope

115
Q

excision and examination of a small piece of living tissue for diagnostic purposes

A

biopsy

116
Q

laboratory test for pathogen identification and antibiotic sensitivity

A

culture and sensitivity

117
Q

through the nose

A

transnasally

118
Q

structure containing the vocal cords

A

larynx

119
Q

to crumble easily

A

friable

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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