Week 2: Body Structure Flashcards
What are the level of organizations in the human body?
Cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism level.
What do you call the standard reference position of the body that health care providers use in the field of medicine?
Anatomical position.
Name the planes for 1, 2, and 3.
- Median (midsagittal plane)
- Frontal (coronal)
- Horizontal (transverse)
Directional Terms
Define Adduction and Abduction
Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body while Abduction is movement AWAY from the midline of the body.
Directional Terms
What term describe above or higher and more toward the head?
What term describes the opposite of the above: Below or lower; toward the tail?
Superior (cephalic, cranial) and Inferior (caudal)
Directional Terms
Define Anterior (ventral) and Posterior (dorsal).
Front of the body; toward the front and back of the body; toward the back.
Directional Terms
Define Medial and Lateral.
Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline and pertaining to the side; toward the side.
Directional Terms
What term describes outside, exterior to?
What term describes within, interior to?
External and internal.
Directional Terms
What term describes toward or on the surface?
What term describes away from the surface?
Superficial and deep.
Directional Terms
Define Proximal and Distal.
Proximal means near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure.
Distal means farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure.
Directional Terms
Define Parietal and Visceral.
Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity.
Pertaining to the organs within a cavity.
What are the two main body cavities?
What are these two main body cavities divided into?
The dorsal cavity (posterior; back of the body) and the ventral cavity (anterior; front of the body).
The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and spinal cavities which contain the brain and spinal cord.
The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs, and the (5) abdominopelvic cavity.
The abdominopelvic cavity is further subdivided into the (6) abdominal and (7) pelvic cavities and contains organs of the digestive and reproductive systems. Clinicians use the cavities to locate internal organs and to identify abnormalities within the cavities.
What is the dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing?
The diaphragm
What is used to describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs more easily?
Quadrants (4) and regions (9)
Name the 4 quadrants and what they contain?
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines.
Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - contains the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines.
Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - contains part of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and right ureter.
Left lower quadrant (LLQ) - contains part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter.
Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions
- Right hypochondriac - upper right under cartilage of ribs
- Left hypochondriac - upper left under cartilage of ribs
- Right lumbar - middle right region near the waist
- Left lumbar - middle left region near the waist
- Right iliac - lower right region located near the groin (also called right inguinal region)
- Left iliac - lower left region located near the groin (also called the left inguinal region)
- Epigastric - middle region located above the stomach
- Umbilical - middle region located in the area of the umbilicus, or navel
- Hypogastric - lower middle region located below the stomach and umbilical region
What patient position facilitates examination of the rectum?
Knee-chest position (Dog)
What patient position is used for vaginal examination and the Papanicolaou (Pap) test?
Lithotomy position (Supine with legs in stirrups)
What position is begins supine with legs bent at the knee sharply, feet flat, and is used to examine the vagina and the rectum in a female patient and the rectum in a male patient?
Dorsal recumbent position
What position is laying on the left side with the left arm placed behind the body, and the right arm is moved forward and flexed at the elbow?
Both legs are flexed at the knee, but the right leg is sharply flexed and positioned next to the left leg, which is slightly flexed. This position is used to examine the vagina and the rectum in a female patient and the rectum in a male patient.
Used for enemas as well.
Sims position
What position is when the patient is assisted to lie flat on their stomach?
Prone position
What position is where the patient is assisted into semi-sitting position?
The head of the examination table is tilted to produce a 45- to 60-degree angle, with the patient’s knees bent or not bent. An angle of 45 degrees or greater is considered the ?, while an angle of 30 degrees is considered ?
This position promotes lung expansion. It is used if the patient has difficulty breathing.
Fowler position.
High Fowler = > 45 degrees
Semi-Fowler = ~ 30 degrees
What position is when the patient is lying straight on their back?
Supine position
What are the erect standing position and Trendelenburg position?
The erect standing position is also referred to as the anatomical position and is used bend over, walk, or move specific body parts in a particular manner. The physician observes these movements to determine the patient’s level of coordination, strength, flexibility, balance, and range of motion.
In the Trendelenburg position, the patient is lying flat on the back, and the entire examination table is tilted with the head of the table down. This position is used for therapeutic treatments, such as postural drainage in patients who have thick respiratory secretions.
