Week 2: Body Structure

Question 1

What are the level of organizations in the human body?

Answer 1

Cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism level.

Question 2

What do you call the standard reference position of the body that health care providers use in the field of medicine?

Answer 2

Anatomical position.

Question 3

Name the planes for 1, 2, and 3.

Answer 3

1. Median (midsagittal plane)
2. Frontal (coronal)
3. Horizontal (transverse)

Question 4

Directional Terms

Define Adduction and Abduction

Answer 4

Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body while Abduction is movement AWAY from the midline of the body.

Question 5

Directional Terms

What term describe above or higher and more toward the head?

What term describes the opposite of the above: Below or lower; toward the tail?

Answer 5

Superior (cephalic, cranial) and Inferior (caudal)

Question 6

Directional Terms

Define Anterior (ventral) and Posterior (dorsal).

Answer 6

Front of the body; toward the front and back of the body; toward the back.

Question 7

Directional Terms

Define Medial and Lateral.

Answer 7

Pertaining to the middle; toward the midline and pertaining to the side; toward the side.

Question 8

Directional Terms

What term describes outside, exterior to?

What term describes within, interior to?

Answer 8

External and internal.

Question 9

Directional Terms

What term describes toward or on the surface?

What term describes away from the surface?

Answer 9

Superficial and deep.

Question 10

Directional Terms

Define Proximal and Distal.

Answer 10

Proximal means near the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure.

Distal means farther from the point of attachment to the trunk or a structure.

Question 11

Directional Terms

Define Parietal and Visceral.

Answer 11

Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity.

Pertaining to the organs within a cavity.

Question 12

What are the two main body cavities?

What are these two main body cavities divided into?

Answer 12

The dorsal cavity (posterior; back of the body) and the ventral cavity (anterior; front of the body).

The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and spinal cavities which contain the brain and spinal cord.

The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs, and the (5) abdominopelvic cavity.

The abdominopelvic cavity is further subdivided into the (6) abdominal and (7) pelvic cavities and contains organs of the digestive and reproductive systems. Clinicians use the cavities to locate internal organs and to identify abnormalities within the cavities.

Question 13

What is the dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing?

Answer 13

The diaphragm

Question 14

What is used to describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs more easily?

Answer 14

Quadrants (4) and regions (9)

Question 15

Name the 4 quadrants and what they contain?

Answer 15

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines.

Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - contains the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines.

Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - contains part of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and right ureter.

Left lower quadrant (LLQ) - contains part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter.

Question 16

Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions

Answer 16

1. Right hypochondriac - upper right under cartilage of ribs
2. Left hypochondriac - upper left under cartilage of ribs
3. Right lumbar - middle right region near the waist
4. Left lumbar - middle left region near the waist
5. Right iliac - lower right region located near the groin (also called right inguinal region)
6. Left iliac - lower left region located near the groin (also called the left inguinal region)
7. Epigastric - middle region located above the stomach
8. Umbilical - middle region located in the area of the umbilicus, or navel
9. Hypogastric - lower middle region located below the stomach and umbilical region

Question 17

What patient position facilitates examination of the rectum?

Answer 17

Knee-chest position (Dog)

Question 18

What patient position is used for vaginal examination and the Papanicolaou (Pap) test?

Answer 18

Lithotomy position (Supine with legs in stirrups)

Question 19

What position is begins supine with legs bent at the knee sharply, feet flat, and is used to examine the vagina and the rectum in a female patient and the rectum in a male patient?

Answer 19

Dorsal recumbent position

Question 20

What position is laying on the left side with the left arm placed behind the body, and the right arm is moved forward and flexed at the elbow?

Both legs are flexed at the knee, but the right leg is sharply flexed and positioned next to the left leg, which is slightly flexed. This position is used to examine the vagina and the rectum in a female patient and the rectum in a male patient.

Used for enemas as well.

Answer 20

Sims position

Question 21

What position is when the patient is assisted to lie flat on their stomach?

Answer 21

Prone position

Question 22

What position is where the patient is assisted into semi-sitting position?

The head of the examination table is tilted to produce a 45- to 60-degree angle, with the patient’s knees bent or not bent. An angle of 45 degrees or greater is considered the ?, while an angle of 30 degrees is considered ?

This position promotes lung expansion. It is used if the patient has difficulty breathing.

Answer 22

Fowler position.

High Fowler = > 45 degrees
Semi-Fowler = ~ 30 degrees

Question 23

What position is when the patient is lying straight on their back?

Answer 23

Supine position

Question 24

What are the erect standing position and Trendelenburg position?

Answer 24

The erect standing position is also referred to as the anatomical position and is used bend over, walk, or move specific body parts in a particular manner. The physician observes these movements to determine the patient’s level of coordination, strength, flexibility, balance, and range of motion.

In the Trendelenburg position, the patient is lying flat on the back, and the entire examination table is tilted with the head of the table down. This position is used for therapeutic treatments, such as postural drainage in patients who have thick respiratory secretions.

Question 25

Define the CF Body Regions (example)

abdomin/o (abdomin/al) =
caud/o (caud/ad) =
cephal/o (cephal/ad) =
cervic/o (cervic/al) =
crani/o (crani/al) =

Answer 25

pertaining to the abdomen

toward the tail; in the posterior direction

toward the head; in the superior direction

pertaining to the neck of the body or neck of the uterus

pertaining to the skull to the skull or cranium

Question 26

Define the CF Body Regions (example)

gastr/o (gastr/ic) =
ili/o (ili/ac) =
inguin/o (inguin/al) =
lumb/o (lumb/ar) =
pelv/i (pel/i/meter) =

Answer 26

pertaining to the stomach

pertaining to the ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

pertaining to the groin

pertaining to the loins (lower back)

instrument for measuring the pelvis

Question 27

Define the CF Body Regions (example)

pelv/o (pelv/ic)
spin/o (spin/al)
thorac/o (thorac/ic)
umbilic/o (umbilic/al)

Answer 27

pertaining to the pelvis

pertaining to the spine

pertaining to the chest

pertaining to the umbilicus/navel

Question 28

Define the CF Body Regions (example) Guess the Opposite too!

anter/o (anter/ior)
dist/o (dist/al)
dors/o (dors/al)
infer/o (infer/ior)

Answer 28

pertaining to the front of the body, organ, or a structure; opposite of posterior

pertaining to the point farthest from the center, a medial line, or the trunk; opposite of proximal

pertaining to the back or posterior (of the body)

pertaining to the lower, below; toward the tail

Question 29

Define the CF Body Regions (example)

later/o (later/al)
medi/o (medi/al)
poster/o (posterior)
proxim/o (proxim/al)
super/o (super/ior)

Answer 29

pertaining to the side

pertaining to the middle

pertaining to back or posterior side (of the body)

pertaining to the nearest point of attachment, center of the body, or point of reference

pertaining to above or higher, toward the head

Question 30

Define the CF Body Regions (example)

ventr/o (ventr/al)

Define CF Related to Body Structure

cyt/o (cyt/o/meter)
hist/o (hist/o/lysis)
nucle/o (nucle/ar)
radi/o (radi/o/graphy)

Answer 30

pertaining to the belly side or front of the body

instrument used for counting or measuring cells

separation, destruction, or disintegration of tissue

pertaining to the protoplasm of a cell nucleus

process of recording an x-ray

Question 31

-ad
-al
-algia / -dynia
-gen / -genesis
-logist
-logy

Answer 31

toward (mediad)
pertaining to (coronal)
pain (costalgia) (thoracodynia)
forming, producing, origin (pathogen) (carcinogenesis)
specialist in the study of (histologist)
study of (etiology)

Question 32

-lysis
-meter
-plasia
-toxic
bi-
epi-
infra-
trans-

Answer 32

separation, destruction, loosening (cytolysis)
instrument used to measure (thermometer)
formation, growth (hyperplasia)
poison (hepatotoxic)
two (bilateral)
above, on (epigastric)
below, under (infracostal)
across, through (transvaginal)

Question 33

Review

What are some of the prefixes that mean pertaining to?

Answer 33

-al
-ic
-ior
-ar