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LS 7C Soroosh > Week 6 (Exam 2): Water & Ion Balance, Renal System; Digestion > Flashcards

Week 6 (Exam 2): Water & Ion Balance, Renal System; Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

when is a membrane permeable?

A

when it allows water or solutes to diffuse through

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2
Q

when is a membrane selectively permeable?

A

when it allows movement of some molecules but not others

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3
Q

when is a molecule impermeable?

A

when it blocks diffusion completely

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4
Q

what do aquaporins do?

A

move water through a membrane

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5
Q

osmosis

A

the process by which water moves from high concentrations to low concentrations

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6
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the tendency of water to move from one solution into another by osmosis

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7
Q

what can prevent water movement by osmosis?

A

hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

what causes hydrostatic pressure

A

results from gravity or the stiffness of the container walls

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9
Q

what happens when osmotic pressure = hydrostatic pressure?

A

net movement of water stops and equilibrium is reached

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10
Q

osmoregulation

A

the regulation of osmotic pressure
-keeps internal fluids from becoming too concentrated (high osmotic pressure) or too dilute (low osmotic pressure)

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11
Q

high osmotic pressure means internal fluids are:

A

concentrated

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12
Q

low osmotic pressure means internal fluids are:

A

dilute

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13
Q

hypotonic

A

less concentrated

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14
Q

hypertonic

A

more concentrated

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15
Q

two ways of maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolytes

A
  1. by matching their internal osmotic pressure to their external environment
  2. by using energy to maintain an internal osmotic pressure that is different from the external environment
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16
Q

osmoregulators

A

an animal that maintains internal solute concentrations that differ from that of its environment

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17
Q

what osmotic problem do salt water osmoregulators have, and how do they solve it?

A

water loss and electrolyte gain; take in as much water as possible & eliminate excess electrolytes

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18
Q

what osmotic problems do freshwater osmoregulators have, and how do they solve them?

A

water gain & salt loss; they do not drink water, and they have gill Cl cells that pump Cl- ions into the body (freshwater fish) or take up electrolytes across the skin (amphibians)

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19
Q

what osmotic problem do terrestrial osmoregulators have and how do they solve it?

A

problem is water loss; they drink hypotonic water

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20
Q

what adaptation do marine birds have that allow them to get rid of salt?

A

nasal salt glands

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21
Q

excretion

A

the elimination of waste products & toxic compounds from the body

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22
Q

kidney

A

paired organs of the renal system that remove waste products & excess fluid; their action contributes to homeostasis

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23
Q

2 functions of excretory functions

A
  1. maintain water and electrolyte balance
  2. eliminate waste products
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24
Q

nitrogenous wastes

A

wastes in the form of ammonia, urea, and uric acid, which are toxic to organisms and are eliminated

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25
Q

what is ammonia excreted by?

A

aquatic animals

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26
Q

what is urea excreted by

A

mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes

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27
Q

what is urea produced by?

A

the liver

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28
Q

what is the scale of toxicity of nitrogenous wastes?

A

ammonia > urea > uric acid

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29
Q

what is the energy expense scale for nitrogenous wastes?

A

uric acid > urea > ammonia

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30
Q

what are the other forms of nitrogen excretion?

A

trimethylamine oxide, creatine, creatinine, and amino acids

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31
Q

what are the three functions of excretory organs?

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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32
Q

filtration function:

A

the separation of solids from fluids, as when circulatory pressure pushes fluid containing wastes through specialized filters into an extracellular space

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33
Q

secretion function:

A

in renal systems, an active process that eliminates substances that were not previously filtered from the blood
-specific but energetically expensive
- active process carried out by protein transporters in the cell membranes of cells lining the tubules

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34
Q

difference between filtration and reabsorption

A

filtration is used to isolate most wastes, but reabsorption is required to retain filtered compounds the body needs

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35
Q

how do animals with pressurized circulatory systems isolate waste from the blood?

A

by filtration
-circulatory pressure pushes fluid containing the wastes through filters in extracellular space
-filtered fluid contains waste products along with water, electrolytes, and other soltes
-filtrate drains into excretory tubules that connect to the outside

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36
Q

excretory tubules

A

a type of tube that drains waste products and connects to the outside of the body

37
Q

reabsorption function

A

ions & solutes move from the filtrate into the blood
-cells lining the excretory tubule take up electrolytes, amino acids, vitamins, & simple sugars
-active or passive

38
Q

2 functions of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

A
  1. isolate wastes that are removed from the body
  2. allow the organism to adjust the amounts of water and electrolytes required to meet its osmoregulatory needs
39
Q

protonephridia

A

excretory organs in flatworms that isolate waste from the body cavity

40
Q

flatworm waste exchange process

A

cells w/ cilia move the fluid from the body cavity —> lumen of a tubule —> out of the organism through the excretory pore

41
Q

do flatworms have a pressurized circulatory system?

A

no

42
Q

segmented annelid worm waste excretion system:

A

filtrate —> metanephridium via a funnel-shaped opening surrounded by cilia —> series of collecting tubules —> out of the animal via an excretory pore

43
Q

metanephridia

A

a pair of excretory organs in each body segment of annelid worms that filters the body fluid

44
Q

insects & other terrestrial arthropod waste excretion system:

A

hemolymph —> body cavity —> Malpighian tubules —> hindgut —> fluid becomes increasingly acidic as uric acid builds up —> uric acid precipitates when it enters the rectum —> electrolytes reabsorbed —> uric acid & dried digestive wastes are eliminated

45
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

one of the tubes in the main body cavity of insects & other terrestrial arthropods through which fluid passes & empties into the hindgut

46
Q

is the vertebrate excretory system pressurized?

A

yes

47
Q

vertebrate waste excretion system

A

blood from the heart —> paired renal arteries —> specialized capillary filters (glomerules) —> extracellular space surrounded by Bowman’s capsule —> renal tubules —> collecting ducts as uring —> ureter —> bladder

48
Q

glomerulus

A

a tufted loop of porous capillaries in the vertebrate kidney that filters blood

49
Q

renal tubules

A

a tube in the vertebrate kidney that processes the filtrate from the glomerulus to the collecting duct by reabsorption & secretion to produce uring

50
Q

ureter

A

brings urine from the kidneys to the bladder

51
Q

bladder

A

a hollow organ for the storage & elimination of urine

52
Q

nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, renal tubules, & collecting ducts
-perform 3 basic steps of excretion & osmoregulation

53
Q

3 basic steps of excretion & osmoregulation

A

-filtration of blood passing through the glomerulus
-reabsorption of key electrolytes & solutes from the renal tubule & return of these substances to the bloodstream
-secretion of additional wastes & electrolytes via cells lining the renal tubules

54
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the liquid surrounding the cells, tubules, & ducts of the kidneys

55
Q

mammalian urine concentration steps:

A

generating concentrated interstitial fluid deep in the kidney —> filtrate passes through connecting ducts —> water moves out of collecting ducts & inter interstitial fluid by osmosis —> concentrated urine is now in the collecting ducts

56
Q

kidney cortex

A

the outer layer

57
Q

kidney medulla

A

the inner layer

58
Q

mammalian kidney structure

A

-nephrons organized in wedge-shapes
-each nephron’s glomerulus is located in the renal cortex of the medulla
-glomerulus —> renal tubule —> dips into the medulla at the base of the wedge —> loops back to the cortex

59
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

a membranous sac that encases the glomerulus in the kidney
-capillary wall & Bowman’s capsule act as the filter

60
Q

3 layers of the glomerulus filtration barrier

A
  1. endothelial cells
  2. basal lamina
  3. podocytes
61
Q

podocytes

A

cells with footlike processes

62
Q

3 major sections of the renal tubule

A
  1. the proximal convoluted tubule
  2. the loop of Henle
  3. the distal convoluted tubule
63
Q

proximal convoluted tubule function

A

reabsorbes electrolytes and nutrients into the blood
-leaves water and urea

64
Q

proximal convoluted tubule characteristics

A

-has microvilli
-permeable to water

65
Q

loop of Henle function

A

-acts as a counter current multiplier to create a concentration gradient from the cortex to the medulla
-produces concentrated urine

66
Q

how does the interstitial fluid of the cortex compare to the interstitial fluid of the medulla?

A

the cortex interstitial fluid is less concentrated than the medulla interstitial fluid

67
Q

characteristics of the loop of Henle

A

-two limbs run in parallel but opposite directions
-thick part of ascending limb is impermeable to water but not electrolytes
-descending limb is permeable to water

68
Q

what path does the filtrate take through the loop of Henle

A

fiiltrate —> descending limb —> ascending limb

69
Q

counter current multiplier

A

a system that generates a concentration gradient but in opposite directions

70
Q

distal convoluted tubule function

A

-secretes additional wastes
-K+ ions secreted from the blood into the tubule
-Na+ and Ca2+ ions are reabsorbed into the blood
-regulates pH

71
Q

distal convoluted tubule characteristics

A

-located in the cortex
-filtrate entering is dilute
-filtrate leaving is dilute and contains urea

72
Q

where is the final concentration of urine determined in the mammalian excretory system?

A

in the collective ducts
-under hormonal control

73
Q

what controls the permeability of the collecting ducts?

A

ADH

74
Q

when is ADH secreted?

A

when solute concentration is high

75
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus:

A

the structure formed by specialized cells of the efferent arterioles by leaving the glomerulus of each nephron, which secretes renin into the bloodstream

76
Q

when is renin secreted?

A

when there is a drop in blood pressure

77
Q

what does renin do?

A

converts angiotensinogen —> angiotensin I

78
Q

what does angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) do?

A

converts angiotensis I —> angiotensin II (active form)

79
Q

what does angiotensin II do?

A

causes arterioles to constrict
-stimulates release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands

80
Q

aldosterone

A

stimulates distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts to increase reabsorption of electrolytes & water into the blood

81
Q

what are the three main classes of molecules for animal nutrition?

A

carbs, fats, and proteins

82
Q

ATP

A

a molecule composed of the base adenin, the 5-carbon sugar ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
-provides energy in a form that all cells use to perform their work

83
Q

catabolic

A

the set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units & produce ATP to meet the energy needs of the cell

84
Q

anabolic

A

the set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units utilizing an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP
-result in net energy storage

85
Q

what does glycolysis do?

A

partially breaks down glucose without O2
-occurs in the cytoplasm
-1 molecule of glucose = 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, & 2 molecules of NADH
-if oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted by fermentation into lactic acid

86
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

energy metabolism in the absence of oxygen

87
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

energy metabolism that uses O2 to oxidize organic compounds, generating ATP, found in Bacteria, Archaea, & the mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms

88
Q

what are lipids broken down into?

A

glycerol and free fatty acids, which enter glycolysis or the citric acid cycle to yield ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
-or they can be stored as fat

89
Q

what is the order that molecules are broken down?

A

carbs —> lipids —> protein

LS 7C Soroosh (11 decks)

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