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ls 7c soroosh > Week 5 (Exam 2): Respiratory System & Gas Exchange; Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 5 (Exam 2): Respiratory System & Gas Exchange; Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what do eukaryotic cells use O2 for?

A

to metabolize organic molecules for ATP production, giving off CO2 as a by-product

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2
Q

gas exchange

A

the transport of gases such as O2 & CO2 between an organism & its environment

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3
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration —> a region of lower concentration

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4
Q

what distances is diffusion ineffective over?

A

distances over 100 mm

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5
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the fractional concentration of a gas relative to other gases present multiplied by the total pressure of the gas mixture

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6
Q

bulk flow

A

the physical movement of fluids, either a liquid or gas, as a result of pressure differencs
-ventilation & circulation

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7
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of an animal’s respiratory medium - water or air - past a specialized respiratory surface

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8
Q

circulation

A

the movement of a specialized body fluid in animals that carries oxygen & CO2 & nutrients & waste products through the body

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9
Q

circulatory fluid

A

hemolymph in invertebrates & blood in vertebrates

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10
Q

how does resistance affect flow rate?

A

if resistance doubles, flow rate is halved

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11
Q

what is the first step of gas transport & exchange?

A

ventilation by bulk flow

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12
Q

what does ventilation by bulk flow entail?

A

breathing moves air (containing O2) into the lungs and air (containing CO2) out

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13
Q

second step of gas transport & exchange

A

diffusion across the respiratory surface

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14
Q

what does diffusion across the respiratory surface entail?

A

O2 diffuses from the lung into the blood & CO2 diffuses out of the blood into the lungs

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15
Q

what is the third step of gas transport & exchange

A

circulation by bulk flow

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16
Q

what does circulation by bulk flow entail

A

O2 & CO2 are transported by the circulatory system to & from cells

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17
Q

fourth step of gas transport & exchange

A

diffusion between blood & cells

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18
Q

what does diffusion between blood & cells entail

A

O2 diffuses from the blood into the cells & CO2 diffuses out of the cells into the blood

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19
Q

what are lungs

A

internal organs that perform gas exchange in terrestrial vertebrates

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20
Q

what is the trachea

A

an internal system of tubes that branch from openings along the abdominal surface into smaller airways, directing oxygen to & removing CO2 from respiring tissues

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21
Q

lamullae

A

a thin, sheetlike structure spread along the length of each gill filament

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22
Q

capillaries

A

very small blood vessels

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23
Q

how does blood flow through capillaries?

A

in a direction opposite to the flow of water past the gills
-countercurrent flow

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24
Q

spiracles

A

openings in the exoskeleton on either side of an insect’s abdomen through which gases are exchanged

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25
Q

hemoglobin

A

an iron-containing molecule specialized for oxygen transport

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26
Q

what makes up the cellular fraction of blood?

A

red blood cells with hemoglobin

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27
Q

hematocrit

A

the fraction of red blood cells within the blood of vertebrates

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28
Q

solubility

A

the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent

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29
Q

how does hemoglobin affect the amount of O2 in the blood?

A

it increases it by binding to O2 and removing it from solution

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30
Q

what are hemoglobins produced by?

A

red blood cells

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31
Q

where do hemoglobins reside?

A

red blood cells that lack a nucleus

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32
Q

path of O2 regarding hemoglobin

A

O2 diffuses into the blood —> diffuses into the red blood cells —> binds to the heme group in hemoglobin —> removes O2 from solution (keeping the O2 partial pressure of the red blood cell below that of blood plasma —> O2 diffuses into other cells

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33
Q

oxygen dissociation curve

A

the curve that results when blood partial pressure of O2 is plotted against the percentage of O2 bound to hemoglobin
-as partial pressure of O2 rises, hemoglobin binds to O2 with increasing binding affinity

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34
Q

cooperative binding

A

the increase in binding affinity with additional binding of oxygen

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35
Q

how does oxygen consumption affect the local O2 partial pressure?

A

reduces it in the cell & surrounding tissues to 40 mmHg or less

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36
Q

myoglobin

A

a monomer that contains 1 heme group

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37
Q

which molecule has a greater affinity for O2: myoglobin or hemoglobin?

A

myoglobin

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38
Q

which kinds of cells store large amounts of myoglobin?

A

red muscle cells that depend on aerobic respiration to produce ATP

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39
Q

open circulatory systems

A

circulating fluid is contained within the body cavity
-have channel-like routes that direct where the fluid moves

40
Q

closed circulatory system

A

made up of set of internal vessels & a heart that pumps blood to different body regions
-delivers O2 at high rates

41
Q

how does increased blood pressure affect rate of blood flow?

A

increases it

42
Q

how does increased resistance affect rate of blood flow?

A

decreases it

43
Q

arteries

A

large, high-pressure vessels that move blood flow away from the heart & toward tissues

44
Q

veins

A

large, low-pressure vessels that returns blood to the heart

45
Q

arterioles

A

small branches of an artery

46
Q

capillaries

A

very small blood vessels arranged in finely branched networks connecting arterioles to venules, where gases, nutrients, & waste products are exchanged by diffusion w/ surrounding tissues

47
Q

venae cavae

A

two large veins in the vertebrate body that drain blood from the head and body into the heart

48
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels distributed through the vertebrate body with important functions in the immune system

49
Q

lymph

A

the fluid in the vertebrate lymphatic system in which T and B cells circulate

50
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

merge with larger thin-walled vessels, drain the lymph into lymphatic ducts, and empty into the venous system leading to the heart

51
Q

which gland releases what in response to dehydration?

A

posterior pituitary gland; ADH

52
Q

what effect does ADH have on arteries?

A

causes them to constrict

53
Q

what happens if blood pressure drops?

A

arterioles supplying the limbs maintain blood pressure to the heart, brain, and kidneys by stimulating the smooth muscle to contract

54
Q

what happens if blood pressure is high?

A

sympathetic neurons synapsing on the smooth muscles are inhibited

55
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of a blood vessel by the contraction of smooth vessel, which in turn increases resistance and decreases blood flow

56
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of a blood vessel by the relaxation of smooth muscle, which in turn decreases resistance and increases blood flow

57
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circulation of the blood to the lungs

58
Q

systematic circulation

A

circulation of the blood to the body

59
Q

what adaptation made double circulation possible?

A

4-chambered hearts

60
Q

how many chambers do fish hearts have?

A

2 chambers

61
Q

atrium function

A

receives blood

62
Q

ventricle function

A

pump blood

63
Q

where does deoxygenated blood flow to in a fish?

A

atrium

64
Q

where does blood from the atrium flow to in a fish?

A

ventricle

65
Q

where does deoxygenated blood from the ventricle flow to in a fish?

A

main artery

66
Q

where does blood from the main artery flow to in a fish?

A

the gills

67
Q

where does blood from the gills flow to in a fish?

A

the aorta

68
Q

aorta

A

a large artery through which oxygenated blood flows from the left ventricle of the heart to the head and body

69
Q

how many chambers does an amphibian and reptile heart have?

A

3-chambers

70
Q

t/f: in mammals, bulk flow only refers to the movement of oxygen (either into or out of the lungs and within the bloodstream).

A

false, bulk flow also refers to the movement of carbon dioxide

71
Q

we breathe more quickly and deeply when we exercise. why does this make sense?

A

-we produce more co2 and increased ventilation is necessary to rid ourselves of co2
-we use more ATP and additional o2 is necessary to generate sufficient ATP

72
Q

what increases the amount of oxygen that fish can extract from the surrounding seawater?

A

-gills with a large surface area
-ventilation of the gills with the aid of an operculum
-countercurrent exchange
-very thin lamellae

73
Q

what are desirable characteristics for a gas exchange surface?

A

large surface area and small thickness

74
Q

imagine that someone suffers a horseback riding injury and one of their ribs punctures the diaphragm. how will this injury affect the person’s breathing?

A

the injury will make it more difficult to increase negative air pressure in their chest cavity, making inhalation more difficult

75
Q

does unidirectional airflow or tidal breathing maintain a larger concentration gradient for diffusion?

A

unidirectional flow

76
Q

do birds receive fresh air only during inhalation?

A

no

77
Q

what is tidal ventilation?

A

air moves into the lungs during inhalation and moves out of the lungs during exhalation

78
Q

what percent of oxygen in the air is typically extracted by the mammalian lung when an animal is resting?

A

less than 25%

79
Q

t/f: if a hemoglobin molecule comes into close contact with a respiring cell, the presence of CO2 in the environment will cause hemoglobin to bind to more oxygen molecules (if is not already bound to four)

A

false

80
Q

what does a shift to the right in the hemoglobin dissociation curve mean?

A

the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 has decreased

81
Q

how do the partial pressures of O2 in the lung, blood cells, and blood plasma compare?

A

pO2 red blood cell < pO2 blood plasma < pO2 lung

82
Q

insects possess ___ circulatory systems

A

open

83
Q

what function do collagen and elastin have in arteries?

A

they provide elastic rebound of the arterial wall to help smooth out blood flow

84
Q

in the disease elephantiasis, lymph vessels become blocked because of infection with parasitic worms. which process would be impacted by this disease?

A

the return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

85
Q

as fluid moves through a vessel, which factors determine the flow resistance?

A

-the radius of the vessel
-the length of the vessel
-the viscosity of the fluid

86
Q

diffusion of materials between the blood and body tissues occurs at which of the blood vessels?

A

capillaries

87
Q

what event occurs during systole?

A

both ventricles contract

88
Q

atrioventricular valves separate:

A

the left atrium from the left ventricle and the right atrium from the right ventricle

89
Q

in which of the heart chambers would deoxygenated blood be found?

A

right atrium and right ventricle

90
Q

why is the muscular wall of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?

A

the left ventricle must contract with more force in order to send blood to the body’s extremities

91
Q

the initiation of the mammalian heart contraction takes place at the:

A

SA node

92
Q

what event are the following associated with: depolarization, contraction, increased pressure, emptying

A

systole

93
Q

what event are the following associated with: repolarization, relaxation, decreased pressure, filling

A

diastole

94
Q

where does the blood in the right side of the heart come from?

A

the body

95
Q

where does the blood in the right side of the heart go to?

A

the lungs

96
Q

where does the blood on the left side of the heart come from?

A

the lungs

97
Q

where does the blood on the left side of the heart go to?

A

the body

ls 7c soroosh (11 decks)

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