Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LS 7C Soroosh > Week 1 (Exam 1): Cell Communication & Development; Cell Form & Function (Diversity, Multicellular Tissues) > Flashcards

Week 1 (Exam 1): Cell Communication & Development; Cell Form & Function (Diversity, Multicellular Tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine signaling

A

signaling through the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

paracrine signaling

A

signaling by diffusion with small, water-soluble molecules such as growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

growth factor

A

causes responding cell to grow, divide, or differentiate
- influences the types of cells their neighbors will become

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are growth factors secreted by

A

embryonic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

synaptic signaling

A

specialized form of short-range signaling
-communication between neurons and between neurons and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

response to synaptic signaling

A

-if the adjacent cell is a neuron, it will respond by carrying on the nerve impulse
-if the adjacent cell is a muscle cell, it may respond by contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

autocrine signaling

A

self-signaling by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

contact-dependent signaling

A

a transmembrane protein on the surface of one cell acts as the signaling molecule, and a transmembrane protein on the adjacent cell acts as the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is contact-dependent signaling important for?

A

the development of the nervous system of vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is Delta?

A

a transmembrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens if a cell has more Delta?

A

it will become a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does Delta bind to?

A

Notch receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens if a cell has more Notch receptors?

A

it becomes a glial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are there more glial cells or neurons in the central nervous system?

A

glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ligand

A

signaling molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ligand-bonding site

A

the specific part of the receptor protein that the signaling molecule binds to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are receptors for polar signaling located?

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the location of receptors depend on?

A

whether the signaling molecule is polar or nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what domains do transmembrane proteins have

A

an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

extracellular domain

A

the part of a transmembrane protein that lies outside of the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

transmembrane domain

A

the part of a transmembrane protein that lies on the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cytoplasmic domain

A

the part of a transmembrane protein that lies inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where are the receptors for nonpolar signaling molecules located

A

inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

totipotent cell potential

A

can form all the cell types in an organism
-ex zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pluripotent cell potential

A

can generate all the different types of cells in the body
-ex embryonic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

multipotent cell potential

A

can produce some or all of the mature cell types found within a particular tissue
-ex neural progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why is cell communication so important?

A

it is integral for coordinating cellular division, function, and cell differentiation (specialization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

four requirements to build a multicellular organism

A

-cell growth & division
-cell communication
-cell specialization
-cell-cell adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which molecules can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens to a signal after it binds the receptor?

A

it eventually dissociates from the receptor
-doesn’t necessarily need the termination signal, because it takes a lot more energy to wait for the termination signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is a protein always active when it is phosphorylated?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

four major steps of the signal transduction process

A

-receptor activation
-signal transduction
-response
-termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

receptor activation step

A

the signal binds to a receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

signal transduction step

A

the signal is transmitted to the interior of the cell by a signal transduction pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

response step

A

the cell performs a task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

termination step

A

the signal pathway is cut off so no new signals can be received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the role of phosphorylation?

A

phosphorylation is conducted by the kinases enzyme, and it phosphorylates proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the role of dephosphorylation

A

removing a phosphate group from a protein with phosphotases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

kinase function

A

phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

phosphotase function

A

dephosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

short-term cellular response

A

trigger movement within the cell, such as changes in cell shape or movement of vesicles to the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

long-term cellular response

A

trigger permanent changes to the cell, such as activation of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

four types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

tissues

A

collections of cells that carry out a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

organs

A

a combination of tissues, such as the heart, lung, or kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

epithelial tissue function

A

provides a lining for all the spaces inside and outside hte body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

where is epithelial tissue found?

A

-outer lining of the skin
-inner lining of the gut, bladder, & blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

-closely packed together and connected by cellular junction
-continuous sheet of cells
-layered
-may absorb and secrete substances as well as forming a boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

simple epithelial tissue

A

one layer of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

stratified epithelial tissue

A

more than one layer of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

squamous epithelial tissue

A

made of flat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

made of round/square cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

columnar epithelial tissue

A

made of tall cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

connective tissue

A

underlies epithelial tissue
-has extensive extracellular matrix & few cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

extracellular matrix

A

an insoluble meshwork composed of proteins & polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

function of extracellular matrix

A

contributes structural support & provides informational cues that determine activity of cells it contacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

types of connective tissue

A

-basal lamina
-dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

basal lamina

A

specialized connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

dermis

A

made of cells that secrete the components of the extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

characteristics of dermis

A

-strong and flexible bc it contains tough protein fibers
-contains blood vessels
-cushions the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

muscle tissue

A

made of cells called fibers that are able to shorten or contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are muscle fibers composed of

A

actin thin filaments & myosin thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

myosin

A

a motor protein that uses ATP energy to change conformationally, which causes individual muscle cells to shorten, & the muscle tissue to contract
-only present in bilateraians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, & smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attaches to bone & controls voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

cardiac muscle

A

contracts to control the heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

smooth muscle

A

found in the gut, where it causes waves of contraction that push food along the digestive tract, & blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

nervous tissue

A

takes in sensory issue, processes info, & sends signals to target organs to elicit a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

organ system

A

combination of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

sponge tissue characteristics

A

only have a simple epithelial lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

cnidarian tissue characteristics

A

have tissue diversity but no organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

bilaterian tissue characteristics

A

have true organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

morula

A

ball of cells formed within 4-5 days after fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

early cell development stages

A

zygote -> 2-cell stage -> 4-cell stage -> morula -> blastocyst with inner cell mass -> gastrula with 3 germ layers

76
Q

gastrula germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

77
Q

what does the ectoderm develop into

A

outer layer of the skin, brain & spinal cord, peripheral nerve cells, pigment cells

78
Q

what does the mesoderm develop into?

A

inner skin layer, muscle, bone, blood

79
Q

what does the endoderm develop into

A

inner gut lining & lung lining, liver, pancreas

80
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow sphere that develops from the morula

81
Q

inner cell mass

A

attached to the inside of the blastocyst wall & develops into the body of the embryo (pluripotent)

82
Q

what happens to the blastocyst once it is developed

A

it implants in the uterine wall

83
Q

gastrula

A

cells of the blastula become organized in the three germ layers

84
Q

stem cells

A

totipotent, pluripotent, & multipotent cells

85
Q

nuclear transfer

A

the nucleus of one cell is placed into the cytoplasm of another cell without a nucleus

86
Q

regenerative medicine

A

aims to use the natural processes of cell growth & development to replace diseased or damaged tisses

87
Q

how to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)

A

activating a few genes in adult cells

88
Q

signal transduction

A

an extracellular molecule acts as a signal to activate transmembrane proteins that, in turn, activate molecules

89
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

90
Q

necrosis

A

cell death that occurs in response to injury

91
Q

proteases

A

enzymes that cleave proteins
-called caspases

92
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural protein networks in the cytoplasm that determine and maintain the shape of the cell

93
Q

cell junctions

A

complexes of proteins in the cell membrane where a cell makes contact with another cell or the extracellular matrix

94
Q

keratinocytes

A

specialized to protect the underlying tissues & organs
-elaborate system of cytoskeletal fibers

95
Q

fibroblasts

A

synthesize the extracellular matrix
-strong & flexible

96
Q

cytoskeletal elements

A

microfilaments, microfibers, and sometimes intermediate filaments (only in animal cells)

97
Q

function of cytoskeletal elements

A

enable cells to change shape, move about, & transport stuff

98
Q

microfilament

A

a double helix of actin monomers

99
Q

intermediate filament

A

a strong fiber composed of protein subunits

100
Q

microtubule

A

hollow tube formed from tubulin dimers

101
Q

what protein makes up intermediate filaments in epithelial cells

A

keratines

102
Q

what protein makes up intermediate filaments in fibroblasts

A

vimentins

103
Q

what protein makes up intermediate filaments in neurons

A

neurofilaments

104
Q

epidermolysis bullosa

A

a mutation in keratin genes that causes the intermediate filaments to not polymerize

105
Q

how do protein subunits get longer

A

by adding subunits to their ends

106
Q

plus end of a protein subunit

A

faster-assembling end

107
Q

minus end of a protein subunit

A

slower-assembling end

108
Q

dynamic instability

A

cycles of depolymerization & polymerization

109
Q

motor proteins

A

small accessory proteins that allow microtubles & microfilaments to move

110
Q

what motor proteins are associated with microtubule tracks

A

kinesin & dynein

111
Q

kinesin function

A

transports molecules towards the plus end of microtubules

112
Q

dynein function

A

transports molecules toward minus end of a microtubule

113
Q

subunits of microfilaments

A

actin monomers

114
Q

major functions of microfilaments

A

-cell shape & support
-cell movement
-cytokinesis
-vesicle transport
-muscle contraction

115
Q

subunits of intermediate filaments

A

diverse

116
Q

major functions of intermediate filaments

A

cell shape & support

117
Q

subunits of microtubules

A

tubulin dimers

118
Q

major functions of microtubules

A

-cell shape & support
-cell movement
-cell division
-vesicle transport
-organelle arrangement

119
Q

type of cell junctions

A

-tight junction
-adherens junction
-desmosome
-hemidesmosome
-gap junction

120
Q

primary function of a tight junction

A

epithelial boundary

121
Q

what proteins are involved in the tight junction

A

claudins, occludins

122
Q

does the tight junction attach to the cytoskeleton

A

no

123
Q

primary function of the adherens junction

A

establish a physical connection among the actin cytoskeletons of cells in the epithelial layer

124
Q

what proteins are involved in the adherens junction

A

cadherins, actin

125
Q

does the adherens junction attach to the cytoskeleton

A

yes - microfilaments

126
Q

primary function of the desmosome

A

cell-cell adhesion

127
Q

what protein is involved in the desmosome junction

A

cadherins

128
Q

does the desmosome junction attach to the cytoskeleton

A

yes - intermediate filaments

129
Q

what is the main use for desmosomes

A

anchoring cells together while allowing food & waste to get through

130
Q

primary function of hemidesmosome

A

connects cells to the basal lamina

131
Q

what protein is involved in the hemidesmosome junction

A

integrins

132
Q

does the hemidesmosome attach to the cytoskeleton

A

yes - intermediate filaments

133
Q

primary function of the gap junction

A

communication between animal cells

134
Q

what proteins are involved in the gap junction

A

connexions

135
Q

does the gap junction attach to the cytoskeleton

A

no

136
Q

microfilaments are composed of _____ in _____ arrangements

A

repeating actin subunits; a thin double-helix

137
Q

microfilaments help a cell…

A

maintain its size & shape

138
Q

cell movement can be facilitated by microfilaments in what way?

A

by dynamic growing & shrinking at the ends

139
Q

which would be more likely to cause the development of a microvillus on an intestinal epithelial cell?

A

plus end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus but no shrinkage at the minus end

140
Q

which best describes a role that microfilaments play in the structure and function of red blood cells?

A

they maintain the bioconcave shape to maximize gas exchange

141
Q

microtubules form dimers of _____ and _____ subunits that polymerize into a ______.

A

alpha-tubulin; beta-tubulin; hollow tube

142
Q

microtubules are _____ because they _____ and depolymerize at their ends.

A

dynamic; polymerize

143
Q

the ability of microtubules to undergo rapid _______ and slower ______ is associated with the ability of the ______ to explore the cell and locate chromosomes

A

depolymerization; polymerization; spindle apparatus

144
Q

microtubules can grow by the addition of tubulin dimers to ______, and they can shorten by the removal of dimers from ______.

A

both plus and minus ends; both plus and minus ends

145
Q

the plus ends of both microtubules and microfilaments differentiate from the minus ends:

A

in that new tubulin or actin subunits are added more quickly

146
Q

contraction of muscles is an example of how the motor protein _______ interacts with the cytoskeletal elements called ______ to produce movement

A

myosin; actin filaments

147
Q

the basis for the movement of cilia and flagella is the interaction of the motor protein ______ with the cytoskeletal elements called _______

A

dynein; microtubules

148
Q

when cells communicate by the signaling process, one cell produces a _______ that must be received by the ______ on or in the responding cell

A

signaling molecule; signal receptor

149
Q

signal molecules that are _______ usually have their corresponding receptor ______ of the cell

A

polar; on the surface

150
Q

a receptor that is inside the cell would require a _______ signal molecule that can ________ the plasma membrane

A

nonpolar; pass through

151
Q

a ______ expresses a gene or genes that direct the production of the signaling molecule, and the ______ expresses a gene or genes that direct the production of the ______

A

signaling cell; responding cell; receptor protein

152
Q

true/false: the ability of cells to adhere to each other is fundamental to multicellularity

A

true

153
Q

many of the signaling pathways used for signaling between cells in complex multicellular organisms first evolved in…

A

unicellular eukaryotes

154
Q

the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on…

A

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

155
Q

true/false: signaling pathways have been conserved in a wide range of organisms

A

true

156
Q

true/false: a cell can only respond to signals from other cells, not from the physical environment

A

false

157
Q

which signaling system involves the longest distance between release of a signaling molecule and activation of a receptor?

A

endocrine

158
Q

kohler and lipton first discovered platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) by observing that fibroblasts

A

grew better in cell culture containing blood serum containing proteins released by platelets during clotting

159
Q

growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) function in:

A

paracrine signaling

160
Q

how do signaling molecules involved in paracrine and autocrine signaling travel?

A

by diffusion

161
Q

what type of cell-surface receptor undergoes changes in phosphorylation in response to binding of its ligand?

A

a receptor kinase

162
Q

true/false: most ligands form covalent bonds with their associated receptors, these complexes are more or less permanent and can only be broken through the hydrolysis of ATP

A

false

163
Q

how does an “activated” receptor transfer information into the cell?

A

through a conformational change of the receptor

164
Q

which type of protein adds a phosphate group to another molecule?

A

kinase

165
Q

what is the end-result of activating the MAP kinase pathway?

A

a change in gene expression

166
Q

the first step following platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) binding of the receptor is

A

dimerization of the receptor

167
Q

cells differentiate through

A

gene regulation

168
Q

true/false: as cells differentiate, they lose their ability to become other cell types because they delete subsets of genes

A

false

169
Q

cellular differentiation progressively restricts cell fate because the unexpressed genes in the cell:

A

-undergo irreversible repression
-become more densely packed with nucleosomes

170
Q

signal transduction in development is often amplified by

A

sequential phosphorylation of proteins in the cytoplasm

171
Q

signal transduction is the process by which

A

an extracellular molecule activates a membrane protein, which in turn activates molecules inside the cell

172
Q

which tissue type is made up of cells that can contract?

A

muscle tissue

173
Q

which tissue type can perform absorption or secretion in the body?

A

epithelial tissue

174
Q

which tissue type helps form a barrier between the body and the external environment?

A

epithelial tissue

175
Q

could melanin granules be moved by dynein and kinesin along an actin microfilament?

A

no, these motor proteins are specific to microtubules and cannot move along microfilaments

176
Q

dynamic instability is a feature of

A

microtubules

177
Q

myosin is a motor protein that associates with

A

microfilaments

178
Q

which of the cell junctions is involved in creating a barrier between cells?

A

tight junction

179
Q

cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal elements?

A

both intermediate filaments & microfilaments

180
Q

what do gap junctions and plasmodesmata have in common?

A

they both allow direct transport of materials between cells

181
Q

cadherins are

A

cell adhesion molecules found in cell junctions

182
Q

what is the basal lamina?

A

a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues

183
Q

what is the extracellular matrix?

A

a network of proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell that play a role in structural support

184
Q

the strength of collagen comes from

A

its triple helical structure & bundling

185
Q

how do cells connect to the extracellular matrix?

A

through integrins

LS 7C Soroosh (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions