Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LS 7C Soroosh > Week 3 (Exam 1): Intro to Homeostasis, Endocrine System; Human Reproductive Cycles > Flashcards

Week 3 (Exam 1): Intro to Homeostasis, Endocrine System; Human Reproductive Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

g protein-coupled receptors

A

a large family of cell-surface molecules composed of a single polypeptide chain w/ 7 transmembrane spanning regions; when activated, they associate with a G protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how fast are cellular responses to the activation of a G protein-coupled receptor?

A

rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what did G protein-coupled receptors evolve from?

A

sensory receptors in unicellular eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when are G protein-coupled receptors inactive?

A

in the absence of a ligand, and when it is bound to GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when are G protein-coupled receptors active?

A

when they are bound to a ligand, and when it is bound to GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what components are G proteins made up of?

A

alpha, beta, and gamma subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

first step of the activation of G protein by a G protein-coupled receptor

A

when the alpha subunit is bound to GDP, the 3 subunits are joined together & G protein is inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

second step of the activation of G protein by a G protein-coupled receptor

A

G protein associates w/ an activated receptor; GDP is released by GTP; beta & gamma subunits separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

third step of the activation of G protein by a G protein-coupled receptor

A

activated alpha subunit binds to & activates a target protein —> cell response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

second messenger

A

an intermediate, cytosolic signaling molecule that transmits signals from a receptor to a target within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

first messenger

A

transmits signals from outside the cell to a receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

first step of adrenaline signaling in heart muscle

A

activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into the 2nd messenger cAMP, which activates protein kinase A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

second step of adrenaline signaling in heart muscle

A

activated protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins in the heart muscle, causing heart rate to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

binding affinity

A

the tightness of the binding between the receptor & the signaling molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

first step of termination

A

adrenaline detaches from the receptor, inactivating the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

second step of termination

A

an activated G protein deactivates itself by converting GTP to GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

third step of termination

A

enzymes in the cytosol degrade to cAMP, which stops the phosphorylation & activation of target proteins by PKA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fourth step of termination

A

phosphatases remove phosphate groups from proteins, causing them to become inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

homeostasis

A

the active regulation & maintenance of a stable internal physiological state in the face of a changing external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

negative feedback

A

a process in which the output or product of a pathway opposes the initial stimulus, so that steady conditions are maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

set point

A

a steady-state value in homeostatic regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

thermoregulation

A

the ability to maintain a constant body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endocrine system

A

a system of cells & glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream & works w/ the nervous system to regulate an animal’s internal physiological functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hormones

A

a chemical signal that influences physiology & development in both plants & animals; in animals, hormones are released into the bloodstream & circulate throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

a neuron in the vertebrate hypothalamus & the posterior pituitary gland that separates hormones into the bloodstsream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pituitary gland

A

an endocrine gland located at the base of the vertebrate brain that produces a number of different hormones & controls many other organs of the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

two kinds of hormones

A

hydrophilic & hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

peptide hormones

A

a short chain of linked amino acids
-hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

amine hormones

A

derived from a single aromatic amino acid such as tyrosine
-hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol
-hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

1st set of signaling steps

A

passing of a signal from one endocrine gland to the next in a hormonal pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

2nd step

A

signal transduction in a target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

releasing hormones

A

peptide hormones that bind to receptors on cells in the anterior pituitary gland, leading that organ to release a much larger amount of the associated hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

which hormone is released by the hypothalamus

A

releasing hormones (peptides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the target gland of the releasing hormones

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the action of the releasing hormones

A

stimulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what hormones do the anterior pituitary gland release

A

-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (glycoprotein)
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (glycoprotein)
-luteinizing hormone (LH) (glycoprotein)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (peptide)
-growth hormone (GH) (protein)
-prolactin (protein)
-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (peptide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (glycoprotein)

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what gland secretes the follicle-secreting hormone (FSH) (glycoprotein)

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what gland secretes the luteinizing hormone (LH) (glycoprotein)

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what gland secretes the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (peptide)

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what gland secretes the growth hormone (GH) (protein)

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what gland secretes the prolactin (protein)

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what gland secretes the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (peptide)

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what gland does the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (glycoprotein) target

A

the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (glycoprotein) do

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what organ does the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (glycoprotein) target

A

gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (glycoprotein) do

A

stimulates maturation of eggs in females; stimulates sperm production in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what organ does the luteinizing hormone (LH) (glycoprotein) target?

A

gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does the luteinizing hormone (LH) (glycoprotein) do?

A

stimulates production and secretion of sex hormones in ovaries (estrogen and progesterone) and testes (testosterone)

51
Q

what gland does the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (peptide) target?

A

adrenal glands

52
Q

what organs do the growth hormone (GH) (protein) target?

A

the bones, muscles, and liver

53
Q

what does the adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) (peptide) hormone do?

A

stimulates production & release of cortisol

54
Q

what does the growth hormone (GH) (protein) do?

A

stimulates protein synthesis & body growth

55
Q

what gland does the prolactin hormone (protein) target?

A

the mammary glands

56
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

stimulates milk production

57
Q

what does the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (peptide) target?

A

melanocytes

58
Q

what do the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (peptides) do?

A

regulates skin and scale pigmentation

59
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete

A

oxytosin (peptide), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (peptide)

60
Q

what organs does oxytosin (peptide) target?

A

uterus, breasts, brain

61
Q

what does oxytosin (peptide) do?

A

stimulates uterine contractions & release of milk

62
Q

what organs does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (peptide) target?

A

kidneys, brain

63
Q

what does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (peptide) do?

A

stimulates uptake of water from the kidneys
-involved in pair bonding

64
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroid hormones (peptides) & calcitonin (peptide)

65
Q

what organs do thyroid hormones (peptides) target?

A

many tissues

66
Q

what do thyroid hormone (peptides) do?

A

stimulation & maintain metabolism for development & growth

67
Q

what organ does calcitonin (peptide) target?

A

bone

68
Q

what does calcitonin (peptide) do?

A

stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts

69
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen (steroid), progesterone (steroid)

70
Q

what organ does estrogen (steroid) target?

A

uterus, breast, other tissues

71
Q

what does estrogen (steroid) do?

A

stimulates development of female secondary sexual characteristics & regulates reproductive behavior

72
Q

what organ does progesterone (steroid) target?

A

uterus

73
Q

what does progesterone (steroid) do?

A

maintains female secondary sexual characteristics & sustains pregnancy

74
Q

what hormone do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone (steroid)

75
Q

what organ does testosterone target?

A

various tissues

76
Q

what does testosterone (steroid) do?

A

-stimulates development of male secondary sexual characeristics
-regulates male reproductive behavior
-stimulates sperm production

77
Q

what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce ?

A

cortisol (steroid)

78
Q

what organ does cortisol (steroid) target?

A

liver, muscles, immune system

79
Q

what does cortisol (steroid) do?

A

regulates response to stress by increasing blood glucose levels & reduces inflammation

80
Q

what hormone does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

epinephrine (peptide)

81
Q

what organ does epinephrine (peptide) target?

A

heart, blood vessels, liver

82
Q

what does epinephrine (peptide) do?

A

stimulates heart rate, blood flow to muscles, & an elevation of blood glucose levels as part of a fight-or-flight response

83
Q

what hormone do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) (protein)

84
Q

what organ does parathyroid hormone (PTH) (protein) target?

A

bone

85
Q

what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) (protein) do?

A

stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts to increase bone calcium levels

86
Q

what hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

insulin (protein), glucagon (protein), somatostatin (peptide)

87
Q

what organ does insulin (protein) target?

A

liver muscles, fat, other tissues

88
Q

what does insulin (protein) do?

A

stimulates uptake of blood glucose & storage as glycogen

89
Q

what organ does glucagon (protein) target?

A

liver

90
Q

what does glucagon (protein) do?

A

stimulates breakdown of glycogen & glucose release into blood

91
Q

what organ does somatostatin (peptide) target?

A

digestive tract

92
Q

what does somatostatin (peptide) do?

A

inhibits insulin & glucagon release; decreases digestive activity

93
Q

what hormone does the stomach release?

A

gastrin (peptide)

94
Q

what organ does gastrin target?

A

the stomach

95
Q

what does gastrin (peptide) do?

A

stimulates protein digestion by secretion of digestive enzymes & acid; stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the stomach

96
Q

what hormones does the small intestine produce?

A

cholecystokinin (peptide), secretin (peptide)

97
Q

what organs does cholecystokinin (peptide) target?

A

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

98
Q

what does cholecystokinin do?

A

secretion of digestive enzymes & products form liver & gallbladder

99
Q

what organ does secretin (peptide) target?

A

pancreas

100
Q

what does secretin (peptide) do?

A

stimulates bicarbonate secretion from pancreas

101
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin (peptide)

102
Q

what organs do melatonin (peptide) target?

A

brain, various organs

103
Q

what does melatonin (peptide) do?

A

regulates circadian rhythms

104
Q

chemical properties of peptide hormones

A

hydrophilic

105
Q

chemical properties of amine hormones

A

hydrophilic

106
Q

chemical properties of steroid hormones

A

hyddrophobic

107
Q

general homeostatic process

A

stimulus —> sensor —> effector —> response —> inhibits sensor

108
Q

how does glucagon affect blood glucose?

A

increases it

109
Q

how does insulin affect blood glucose?

A

decreases it

110
Q

how does countercurrent flow affect temperature gradients?

A

small gradients are maintained

111
Q

how does concurrent flow affect temperature gradients?

A

large gradients disappear quickly

112
Q

how is the pituitary gland divided?

A

into anterior and pituitary regions (think of them as two distinct glands)

113
Q

how did the anterior pituitary gland form?

A

forms from epithelial cells that develop & push up from the roof of the mouth

114
Q

how does the posterior pituitary gland form?

A

develops from neural tissue at the base of the brain

115
Q

which region of the pituitary gland do neurosecretory cells communicate with?

A

anterior pituitary gland

116
Q

how do the hypothalamus & posterior pituitary gland communicate?

A

via neurosecretory cells extending axons into the posterior pituitary gland

117
Q

what do tropic hormones do?

A

control the release of other hormones

118
Q

which hormones cause the ovaries to release estrogen & progesterone and the testes to release testosterone?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

119
Q

what does growth hormone do?

A

acts on the muscles, bones, & other body tissues to stimulate their growth

120
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

stimulates milk production

121
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

causes uterine contractions & stimulates release of milk

122
Q

what do antidiuretic hormones do?

A

act on the kidneys & control the water permeability of the collecting ducts

123
Q

where is the thyroid gland located and what hormones does it produce?

A

-located in the front of the vertebrate neck
-releases thyroxine and triodothyronine

LS 7C Soroosh (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions