Week 6 - Encoding, Retrieval & Consolidation (Chapter 7)

Question 1

research based on transfer-appropriate processing provides the LEAST support for ___.
a. encoding specificity
b. state-dependent learning
c. levels of processing theory
d. actually, transfer-appropriate processing supports all of these principles

Answer 1

levels of processing theory
( Levels of processing theory - The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.

)

Question 2

According to the standard model of consolidation, activation in the cortex
a. does not occur at all.
b. is limited.
c. occurs in a number of different areas.
d. is unclear.

Answer 2

c. occurs in a number of different areas.

Question 3

Due to a car accident, Meg has suffered an injury and now cannot form new memories. As such, it appears that she has ___ amnesia.
a. general
b. anterograde
c. graded
d. retrograde

Answer 3

b. anterograde

Question 4

Ahmad suffered a brain injury where he cannot recall past events that occurred years ago. Based on this information, it would appear that he has ___ amnesia.
a. general
b. anterograde
c. retrograde
d. graded

Answer 4

c. retrograde
(loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion)

Question 5

Which of the following best reflects the results of Tulving and Pearlstone’s experiment with retrieval cues?
a. The free recall participants recalled about the same amount of items as the cued recall participants.
b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants.
c. The free recall participants recalled three times more items than the cued recall participants.
d. The cued recall participants recalled less than half as many items as the free recall participants.

Answer 5

b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants.

Question 6

Which of the following reflects state-dependent learning?
a. studying questions you wrote
b. studying then taking a nap
c. studying while feeling happy
d. studying while sitting in a cafe

Answer 6

c. studying while feeling happy

Question 7

What is the consequence of injecting a rat with anisomycin?
a. Doing so improves memory.
b. Doing so produces fear.
c. Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories.
d. The use of this drug is lethal to rats

Answer 7

c. Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories.

Question 8

Research on consolidation and sleep suggests that recall is best if
a. one waits to sleep after study and does not expect to be tested.
b. one sleeps soon after study and does not expect to be tested.
c. one waits to sleep after study and expects to be tested.
d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.

Answer 8

d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.

Question 9

All of the following appear to be effective means of studying EXCEPT ___.
a. elaborating on material
b. taking breaks while studying
c. consistently using a highlighter
d. actively creating material to test

Answer 9

c. consistently using a highlighter

Question 10

Devon and Yoshi always create True-False flash cards to help them study for Mrs. Singleton’s weekly True-False history quizzes. What strategy are Devon and Yoshi using to help enhance their performance on the quizzes?
a. state-dependent learning
b. transfer-appropriate processing
c. synaptic consolidation
d. encoding specificity

Answer 10

b. transfer-appropriate processing

Question 11

How long does the synaptic consolidation of a memory take?
a. seconds
b. minutes
c. weeks
d. years

Answer 11

b. minutes

Question 12

Compared to the standard model of consolidation, which of the following is thought to play a larger role in the multiple trace model of consolidation?
a. multivoxels
b. hippocampus
c. amygdala
d. synapses

Answer 12

b. hippocampus

Question 12

Which of the following is produced during the process of synaptic consolidation?
a. lipids
b. hormones
c. amino acids
d. proteins

Answer 12

d. proteins

Question 13

Which of the following will likely improve Mariela’s test score after a session of studying?
a. going to a movie
b. doing maintenance rehearsal
c. rereading her textbook
d. taking a long nap

Answer 13

d. taking a long nap

Question 14

Without ________, reconsolidation of a memory would not be possible.
a. cueing
b. testing
c. fragility
d. sleep

Answer 14

c. fragility

Question 15

Mr. Gomez has found that his students’ performance on a unit exam is enhanced by their taking weekly quizzes on content covered in the unit. What method is Mr. Gomez using with his students?
a. transfer-appropriate processing
b. activated reconsolidation
c. state-dependent learning
d. retrieval practice

Answer 15

d. retrieval practice

Question 16

Research conducted by Bower and Winzenz using paired-associate learning demonstrated the value of using ________ to improve memory.
a. self-reference
b. images
c. specificity
d. rehearsal

Answer 16

b. images

Question 17

How are creating self-references and forming visual images similar?
a. They both require state dependence.
b. They both stimulate reconsolidation.
c. They both engage deep processing.
d. They both trigger the spacing effect.

Answer 17

c. They both engage deep processing.

Question 18

In the context of memory, what distinguishes reconsolidation from consolidation?
a. scale
b. modification
c. emotion
d. cueing

Answer 18

b. modification

Question 19

The spacing effect would seem to contradict which of the following practices?
a. mind wandering in class
b. rereading highlighted text
c. cramming for a final exam
d. taking quizzes every week

Answer 19

c. cramming for a final exam

Question 20

Rereading material for a class many times is considered an ineffective study strategy. Rather than learning, this practice simply makes you ________.
a. disengaged
b. saturated
c. fluent
d. proactive

Answer 20

c. fluent

Question 21

What is the key difference between free recall and cued recall?
a. traces
b. hints
c. tasks
d. states

Answer 21

b. hints

Question 22

Simply highlighting a textbook without later reviewing it is an ineffective study method because the activity is mainly ________.
a. physical
b. elaborative
c. organizational
d. associative

Answer 22

a. physical

Question 23

Janelle is getting an fMRI scan while she describes an everyday episodic memory. Which of the following brain areas will show the LEAST activity in her scan?
a. hippocampus and parietal cortex
b. medial temporal lobe and amygdala
c. amygdala and hippocampus
d. parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex

Answer 23

c. amygdala and hippocampus

Question 24

The reminiscence bump seems to corroborate which of the following?
a. cryptoamnesia
b. pragmatic inference
c. youth bias
d. narrative rehearsa

Answer 24

c. youth bias

Question 25

Wade wants to replicate the research that Cahill conducted with a person named B.P., who had suffered a neurological injury. Wade is looking to identify the role that ________ plays in memory.
a. emotion
b. culture
c. sensation
d. suggestion

Answer 25

a. emotion

Question 26

What distinguishes a flashbulb memory from an autobiographical memory?
a. familiarity
b. intensity
c. veracity
d. fluency

Answer 26

b. intensity

Question 27

Friends repeatedly sharing experiences of an event such as an earthquake in a major city can affect their memories due to which of the following?
a. inference
b. rehearsal
c. reconsolidation
d. saturation

Answer 27

b. rehearsal

Question 28

Which of the following are the foundation of the illusory truth effect?
a. fluency and emotion
b. repetition and fluency
c. emotion and misattribution
d. misattribution and repetition

Answer 28

b. repetition and fluency

Question 29

What is the key variable in the method known as repeated reproduction?
a. frequency
b. age
c. time
d. stress

Answer 29

c. time

Question 30

The misinformation effect on memory is related to which of the following?
a. stress
b. timing
c. rehearsal
d. culture

Answer 30

b. timing

Question 31

In the research conducted by Loftus and coworkers on the misinformation effect, how did the words “smash” and “hit” affect participants’ memory of seeing broken glass in the images presented?
a. Memories of seeing broken glass were about the same in both the “smash” and “hit” groups.
b. About twice as many participants in the “smash” group remembered seeing broken glass.
c. Nearly all participants in the “hit” group remembered seeing broken glass in the images.
d. Memories of broken glass were three times higher in the “smash” group than the “hit” group.

Answer 31

b. About twice as many participants in the “smash” group remembered seeing broken glass.

Question 32

Which of the following is most responsible for jurors’ misguided trust in the testimony of eyewitnesses?
a. ignorance about memory
b. errors in source monitoring
c. cultural biases to convict
d. misattribution of sources

Answer 32

a. ignorance about memory

Question 33

When Marcus went into the vintage candy store, he couldn’t believe all the brands they sold. When he bit into a Turkish Taffy, it immediately took him back to hanging out with his pals at their tree fort on a summer day. What did Marcus experience at the store?
a. pragmatic inference
b. repressed childhood memory
c. the Proust effect
d. post-identification feedback

Answer 33

c. the Proust effect