Week 6 - Encoding, Retrieval & Consolidation (Chapter 7) Flashcards
research based on transfer-appropriate processing provides the LEAST support for ___.
a. encoding specificity
b. state-dependent learning
c. levels of processing theory
d. actually, transfer-appropriate processing supports all of these principles
levels of processing theory
( Levels of processing theory - The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.
)
According to the standard model of consolidation, activation in the cortex
a. does not occur at all.
b. is limited.
c. occurs in a number of different areas.
d. is unclear.
c. occurs in a number of different areas.
Due to a car accident, Meg has suffered an injury and now cannot form new memories. As such, it appears that she has ___ amnesia.
a. general
b. anterograde
c. graded
d. retrograde
b. anterograde
Ahmad suffered a brain injury where he cannot recall past events that occurred years ago. Based on this information, it would appear that he has ___ amnesia.
a. general
b. anterograde
c. retrograde
d. graded
c. retrograde
(loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion)
Which of the following best reflects the results of Tulving and Pearlstone’s experiment with retrieval cues?
a. The free recall participants recalled about the same amount of items as the cued recall participants.
b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants.
c. The free recall participants recalled three times more items than the cued recall participants.
d. The cued recall participants recalled less than half as many items as the free recall participants.
b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants.
Which of the following reflects state-dependent learning?
a. studying questions you wrote
b. studying then taking a nap
c. studying while feeling happy
d. studying while sitting in a cafe
c. studying while feeling happy
What is the consequence of injecting a rat with anisomycin?
a. Doing so improves memory.
b. Doing so produces fear.
c. Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories.
d. The use of this drug is lethal to rats
c. Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories.
Research on consolidation and sleep suggests that recall is best if
a. one waits to sleep after study and does not expect to be tested.
b. one sleeps soon after study and does not expect to be tested.
c. one waits to sleep after study and expects to be tested.
d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.
d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.
All of the following appear to be effective means of studying EXCEPT ___.
a. elaborating on material
b. taking breaks while studying
c. consistently using a highlighter
d. actively creating material to test
c. consistently using a highlighter
Devon and Yoshi always create True-False flash cards to help them study for Mrs. Singleton’s weekly True-False history quizzes. What strategy are Devon and Yoshi using to help enhance their performance on the quizzes?
a. state-dependent learning
b. transfer-appropriate processing
c. synaptic consolidation
d. encoding specificity
b. transfer-appropriate processing
How long does the synaptic consolidation of a memory take?
a. seconds
b. minutes
c. weeks
d. years
b. minutes
Compared to the standard model of consolidation, which of the following is thought to play a larger role in the multiple trace model of consolidation?
a. multivoxels
b. hippocampus
c. amygdala
d. synapses
b. hippocampus
Which of the following is produced during the process of synaptic consolidation?
a. lipids
b. hormones
c. amino acids
d. proteins
d. proteins
Which of the following will likely improve Mariela’s test score after a session of studying?
a. going to a movie
b. doing maintenance rehearsal
c. rereading her textbook
d. taking a long nap
d. taking a long nap
Without ________, reconsolidation of a memory would not be possible.
a. cueing
b. testing
c. fragility
d. sleep
c. fragility
Mr. Gomez has found that his students’ performance on a unit exam is enhanced by their taking weekly quizzes on content covered in the unit. What method is Mr. Gomez using with his students?
a. transfer-appropriate processing
b. activated reconsolidation
c. state-dependent learning
d. retrieval practice
d. retrieval practice
Research conducted by Bower and Winzenz using paired-associate learning demonstrated the value of using ________ to improve memory.
a. self-reference
b. images
c. specificity
d. rehearsal
b. images
How are creating self-references and forming visual images similar?
a. They both require state dependence.
b. They both stimulate reconsolidation.
c. They both engage deep processing.
d. They both trigger the spacing effect.
c. They both engage deep processing.
In the context of memory, what distinguishes reconsolidation from consolidation?
a. scale
b. modification
c. emotion
d. cueing
b. modification
The spacing effect would seem to contradict which of the following practices?
a. mind wandering in class
b. rereading highlighted text
c. cramming for a final exam
d. taking quizzes every week
c. cramming for a final exam
Rereading material for a class many times is considered an ineffective study strategy. Rather than learning, this practice simply makes you ________.
a. disengaged
b. saturated
c. fluent
d. proactive
c. fluent
What is the key difference between free recall and cued recall?
a. traces
b. hints
c. tasks
d. states
b. hints
Simply highlighting a textbook without later reviewing it is an ineffective study method because the activity is mainly ________.
a. physical
b. elaborative
c. organizational
d. associative
a. physical
Janelle is getting an fMRI scan while she describes an everyday episodic memory. Which of the following brain areas will show the LEAST activity in her scan?
a. hippocampus and parietal cortex
b. medial temporal lobe and amygdala
c. amygdala and hippocampus
d. parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex
c. amygdala and hippocampus
The reminiscence bump seems to corroborate which of the following?
a. cryptoamnesia
b. pragmatic inference
c. youth bias
d. narrative rehearsa
c. youth bias
Wade wants to replicate the research that Cahill conducted with a person named B.P., who had suffered a neurological injury. Wade is looking to identify the role that ________ plays in memory.
a. emotion
b. culture
c. sensation
d. suggestion
a. emotion
What distinguishes a flashbulb memory from an autobiographical memory?
a. familiarity
b. intensity
c. veracity
d. fluency
b. intensity
Friends repeatedly sharing experiences of an event such as an earthquake in a major city can affect their memories due to which of the following?
a. inference
b. rehearsal
c. reconsolidation
d. saturation
b. rehearsal
Which of the following are the foundation of the illusory truth effect?
a. fluency and emotion
b. repetition and fluency
c. emotion and misattribution
d. misattribution and repetition
b. repetition and fluency
What is the key variable in the method known as repeated reproduction?
a. frequency
b. age
c. time
d. stress
c. time
The misinformation effect on memory is related to which of the following?
a. stress
b. timing
c. rehearsal
d. culture
b. timing
In the research conducted by Loftus and coworkers on the misinformation effect, how did the words “smash” and “hit” affect participants’ memory of seeing broken glass in the images presented?
a. Memories of seeing broken glass were about the same in both the “smash” and “hit” groups.
b. About twice as many participants in the “smash” group remembered seeing broken glass.
c. Nearly all participants in the “hit” group remembered seeing broken glass in the images.
d. Memories of broken glass were three times higher in the “smash” group than the “hit” group.
b. About twice as many participants in the “smash” group remembered seeing broken glass.
Which of the following is most responsible for jurors’ misguided trust in the testimony of eyewitnesses?
a. ignorance about memory
b. errors in source monitoring
c. cultural biases to convict
d. misattribution of sources
a. ignorance about memory
When Marcus went into the vintage candy store, he couldn’t believe all the brands they sold. When he bit into a Turkish Taffy, it immediately took him back to hanging out with his pals at their tree fort on a summer day. What did Marcus experience at the store?
a. pragmatic inference
b. repressed childhood memory
c. the Proust effect
d. post-identification feedback
c. the Proust effect
