Week 3 - Chapter 9 Quiz Flashcards
Cog Neuroscience
Rather than requiring strict adherence to categorical definitions, Wittgenstein favored the concept of ________.
a. propagation
b. resemblance
c. exemplars
d. typicality
b. resemblance
For which of the following categories would a definition probably be the MOST appropriate?
a. birds
b. triangles
c. trees
d. chairs
b. triangles
What is the relationship between prototypicality and reaction time?
a. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality.
b. Reaction time tends to be slower for objects rated higher in prototypicality.
c. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated lower in prototypicality.
d. Reaction time tends to be unrelated to prototypicality.
a. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality.
prototypicality refers to the degree to which an item is typical or exemplary of the category to which it belongs.
For example , a robin is a prototypical bird because it has wings, feathers and the ability to fly. In contrast, a penguin is less prototypical because it lacks some of these features.
Which of the following orders lists the different levels of categories from most to least specific?
a. subordinate; superordinate; basic
b. subordinate; basic; superordinate
c. superordinate; subordinate; basic
d. superordinate; basic; global
b. subordinate; basic; superordinate
How do experts versus nonexperts differ in terms of how they create categories, if at all?
a. Both experts and nonexperts tend to create categories in the same way.
b. Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories.
c. Nonexperts tend to use more specific categories, whereas experts use more basic categories.
d. To the degree that there may be differences between experts and nonexperts in terms of category creations, they tend to focus around gender differences.
b. Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories.
Which of the following would likely represent a basic category?
a. furniture
b. a double bed
c. a kitchen chair
d. a table
d. a table
In a semantic network, ___ should appear higher than ___.
a. fish; salmon
b. fish; animal
c. salmon; living thing
d. animal; living thing
a. fish; salmon
If you were about to do a lexical decision task, you’d probably be ___.
a. distinguishing words from nonwords
b. creating categories
c. organizing categories
d. explaining the hierarchical order of select words
a. distinguishing words from nonwords
Lexical decision task (LDT) is a procedure used in many psych exp involving measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or non words
Many people think that Michelangelo’s sculpture of David serves as an icon of male physical beauty. Which of the following best describes the sculpture in the context of cognitive psychology?
a. It is at a lower level than an exemplar.
b. It can be considered a prototype.
c. It can be considered an exemplar.
d. It is at a higher level than a prototype.
d. It is at a higher level than a prototype.
Exemplar =The exemplar approach to categorization involves determining whether an object is similar to an exemplar. An exemplar is an actual member of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
Prototype = Prototypicality is a term used to describe how well an object resembles the prototype of a particular category.
Suppose a young child sees a canary and says, “That’s a robin,” to which the child’s mother responds, “No, that’s a canary…Robins have red breasts.” In this example, the mother’s information specifically functions like ___.
a. a connection weight
b. an error signal
c. back propagation
d. a hidden unit
c. back propagation
A process by which learning can occur in a connectionist network, in which an error signal is transmitted backward through the network. This backward-transmitted error signal provides the information needed to adjust the weights in the network to achieve the correct output signal for a stimulus.
Tanak and Taylor built upon Rosch’s research to demonstrate how ________ can affect our levels for categorizing concepts.
a. culture
b. interaction
c. brain damage
d. knowledge
d. knowledge
The children’s program Sesame Street has run a longtime segment showing children a set of objects and singing, “One of these things is not like the others.” Children must decide which object does not fit in the group. Which concept is reflected in this children’s educational game?
a. priming
b. typicality
c. back propagation
d. hierarchy
b. typicality
When you use a hammer, sensory areas are activated in response to the various contours of the hammer. This example specifically illustrates ___.
a. the category-specific memory impairment
b. the sensory-functional hypothesis
c. the embodied approach
d. the semantic category approach
c. the embodied approach
Embodied approach - Proposal that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with an object.
What is the dependent variable in the scientific verification technique used by Edward Smith?
a. neural activity
b. time
c. accuracy
d. quantity
b. time
Which of the following statements accurately describes an actual consequence of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to an individual?
a. TMS would likely cause permanent memory damage.
b. TMS would likely vastly improve reaction time for organizing categories.
c. TMS would involve inserting magnetic coils into one’s brain.
d. TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain.
d. TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain.
