Chapter 5 Short Term & Working Memory Flashcards
Quiz Mindtap
Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you’re repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you’ll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of a ___ called ___.
a. report method; rehearsal
b. control process; rehearsal
c. control process; chunking
d. report method; chunking
b. control process; rehearsal
The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of the ___ at work.
a. short-term memory
b. long-term memory
c. sensory memory
d. visuospatial sketch pad
c. sensory memory
Remembering a fun family trip to the beach when you were six years old requires recalling a(n) ________ memory from ________ memory.
a. semantic; procedural
b. procedural; episodic
c. episodic; long-term
d. semantic; working
c. episodic; long-term
While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following?
a. iconic memory
b. sensory memory
c. executive memory
d. semantic memory
d. semantic memory
When you’re trying to understand what your professor is talking about in a lecture, which of the following is LEAST important to aid this process?
a. phonological loop
b. phonological store
c. articulatory rehearsal
d. visuospatial sketch pad
d. visuospatial sketch pad
Suppose you’re shown five rows containing five letters each. You’re then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you’re utilizing ___.
a. persistence of vision
b. the whole report method
c. the delayed partial report method
d. the partial report method
d. the partial report method
STM can hold 7±2 items
An item is an individual unit of information
True of False
True
Chunking
Method of increasing STM capacity
We can store few, but larger chunks
True or False
True
The serial position curve
Denotes the tendency to preferentially remember items from the beginning an end of a list of presented words
True or false
True
Primacy
Privileged remembering of first words in list
Semantic mistakes tend to be the most common errors found here
LTM involvement
True or False
True
Recency
Privileged remembering of last words in list
Acoustic mistakes tend to be the most common here
STM involvement
True or False
True
Why do we forget? STM
Decay - Loss after 15 to 30 seconds of non-rehearsal
True or false
True
Why do we forget? STM
Interference
Proactive interference
Previous information interfering with subsequent information
Retroactive interference
Subsequent information interfering with previous information
True or false
True
What is STM code?
Original memory model held that acoustic rehearsal, etc., was hugely important
Acoustic information
Can be chunked based on semantic, meaningful information
Visuospatial data
Information can be stored, pictured and manipulated using mental imagery
True or false
True
Limited capacity
Semantic code
Controls cognitively demanding tasks
Controls two slave systems
Selects, initiates and terminates automatic routines
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
Limited capacity
Verbal code
Passive Phonological Store
(holds speech sounds)
Articulatory Control
(manipulates verbal info)
PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
Limited capacity
Visual code
Visual Cache
(holds visual form & colour)
Inner Scribe
(manipulates visuospatial info)
VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD
Modality
independent
“Overflow
Storage”
EPISODIC
BUFFER
Baddeley and Hitch’s model of working memory
Evidence
Auditory processing task
Broca’s & Wernicke’s
Visual processing task
Occipital
Both (central executive?)
Prefrontal
True or False
True
Baddeley & Hitch - What is the central executive (brain)?
Prefrontal cortex
Prefrontal cortex is impaired in:
CHI, ADHD and Aspergers
Daneman and Carpenter’s research on reading span looked at differences in memory ________ among individuals.
a. structure
b. capacity
c. buffering
d. rehearsal
b. capacity
Funahashi and Stokes both focused on which concept relating to memory?
a. delay
b. rotation
c. decay
d. imagery
a. delay
According to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________.
a. at remembering and the synaptic state
b. only at stimulus input
c. at stimulus input and remembering
d. only at remembering
c. at stimulus input and remembering
When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second?
a. 7
b. 12
c. 24
d. 96
c. 24
___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time.
a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe
b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex
c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe
d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex
d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex
Currently, it is generally believed that the upper limit for short-term memory is ___.
a. limitless
b. 7 plus or minus 2 items
c. between 10 and14 items
d. about 4 items
d. about 4 items
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____.
a. sound; vision
b. vision; sound
c. short-term memory; long-term memory
d. long-term memory; short-term memory
b. vision; sound
While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following?
a. iconic memory
b. sensory memory
c. executive memory
d. semantic memory
d. semantic memory
According to the phonological similarity effect, we’re more likely to confuse words or letters that ___ similar. For example, “F” is more likely to be misidentified as ___.
a. sound; “E”
b. sound; “S”
c. look; “E”
d. look; “P”
b. sound; “S”
According to Broadbent, where does the process of rehearsal take place?
a. central executive
b. short-term memory
c. working memory
d. sensory memory
b. short-term memory
What distinguishes working memory from short-term memory?
a. location
b. stimuli
c. speed
d. complexity
d. complexity
If someone is showing perseveration, then they’ve likely had damage to the ___ lobe of the brain.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. temporal
d. occipital
a. frontal
Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory?
a. a song lyric
b. a shopping list
c. a firefly’s glow
d. a friend’s greeting
c. a firefly’s glow
___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time.
a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe
b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex
c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe
d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex
d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex
When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second?
a. 7
b. 12
c. 24
d. 96
c. 24
Which of the following has the shortest rate of decay?
a. an exit sign
b. a finger snap
c. a trumpet note
d. an opera aria
a. an exit sign
Which of the following likely led early telephone companies to create phone numbers using the format 213-555-1234 rather than a format such as 21776-551873-0633295?
a. phonological similarity
b. digit span
c. articulatory rehearsal
d. chunking
b. digit span
By listing numbers as (212) 555-1234, telephone companies use which technique to help people remember their own and others’ phone numbers?
a. mental rotation
b. chunking
c. digit span
d. phonological similarity
b. chunking
Which of the following will present the greatest challenge for storing in short-term memory?
a. yellow cubes
b. colored circles
c. striped boxes
d. plaid polygons
d. plaid polygons
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect Baddeley and Hitch’s concept of working memory?
a. visual
b. unlimited
c. temporary
d. proactive
b. unlimited
If memory can be seen as a crowded city, what is the central executive?
a. a main street
b. a bus dispatcher
c. a taxi driver
d. a subway car
b. a bus dispatcher
What is a key function of the phonological loop?
a. to fire neurons
b. to increase capacity
c. to rotate images
d. to prevent decay
d. to prevent decay
Which of the following student names is least likely to be remembered by a substitute teacher?
a. Prab Banerjee
b. Carlos Ortiz
c. James Fontana
d. Ekaterina Kornikova
d. Ekaterina Kornikova
Which of the following will most engage the visuospatial sketch pad?
a. painting a wall
b. doing a jigsaw puzzle
c. building a birdhouse
d. writing a sentence
c. building a birdhouse
According to Baddeley, the central executive controls ________.
a. sensation
b. attention
c. rotation
d. perseveration
b. attention
At this point in time, what is considered the primary function of the episodic buffer?
a. controlling processes
b. accelerating processes
c. storing information
d. sorting information
c. storing information
According to Stokes’s model of activity-silent working memory, where is energy being directed during the silent state?
a. axons
b. synapses
c. dendrites
d. neurons
b. synapses
according to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________.
a. at remembering and the synaptic state
b. only at stimulus input
c. at stimulus input and remembering
d. only at remembering
c. at stimulus input and remembering
