Chapter 5 Short Term & Working Memory

Question 1

Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you’re repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you’ll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of a ___ called ___.
a. report method; rehearsal
b. control process; rehearsal
c. control process; chunking
d. report method; chunking

Answer 1

b. control process; rehearsal

Question 2

The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of the ___ at work.
a. short-term memory
b. long-term memory
c. sensory memory
d. visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 2

c. sensory memory

Question 3

Remembering a fun family trip to the beach when you were six years old requires recalling a(n) ________ memory from ________ memory.
a. semantic; procedural
b. procedural; episodic
c. episodic; long-term
d. semantic; working

Answer 3

c. episodic; long-term

Question 4

While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following?
a. iconic memory
b. sensory memory
c. executive memory
d. semantic memory

Answer 4

d. semantic memory

Question 5

When you’re trying to understand what your professor is talking about in a lecture, which of the following is LEAST important to aid this process?
a. phonological loop
b. phonological store
c. articulatory rehearsal
d. visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 5

d. visuospatial sketch pad

Question 6

Suppose you’re shown five rows containing five letters each. You’re then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you’re utilizing ___.
a. persistence of vision
b. the whole report method
c. the delayed partial report method
d. the partial report method

Answer 6

d. the partial report method

Question 7

STM can hold 7±2 items
An item is an individual unit of information
True of False

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Chunking
Method of increasing STM capacity
We can store few, but larger chunks

True or False

Answer 8

True

Question 9

The serial position curve
Denotes the tendency to preferentially remember items from the beginning an end of a list of presented words

True or false

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Primacy
Privileged remembering of first words in list
Semantic mistakes tend to be the most common errors found here
LTM involvement
True or False

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Recency
Privileged remembering of last words in list
Acoustic mistakes tend to be the most common here
STM involvement

True or False

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Why do we forget? STM
Decay - Loss after 15 to 30 seconds of non-rehearsal
True or false

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Why do we forget? STM
Interference
Proactive interference
Previous information interfering with subsequent information
Retroactive interference
Subsequent information interfering with previous information
True or false

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What is STM code?
Original memory model held that acoustic rehearsal, etc., was hugely important

Acoustic information
Can be chunked based on semantic, meaningful information

Visuospatial data
Information can be stored, pictured and manipulated using mental imagery

True or false

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Limited capacity
Semantic code
Controls cognitively demanding tasks
Controls two slave systems
Selects, initiates and terminates automatic routines

Answer 15

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE

Question 16

Limited capacity
Verbal code
Passive Phonological Store
(holds speech sounds)
Articulatory Control
(manipulates verbal info)

Answer 16

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP

Question 17

Limited capacity
Visual code
Visual Cache
(holds visual form & colour)
Inner Scribe
(manipulates visuospatial info)

Answer 17

VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD

Question 18

Modality
independent
“Overflow
Storage”

Answer 18

EPISODIC
BUFFER

Question 19

Baddeley and Hitch’s model of working memory
Evidence
Auditory processing task
Broca’s & Wernicke’s
Visual processing task
Occipital
Both (central executive?)
Prefrontal
True or False

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Baddeley & Hitch - What is the central executive (brain)?

Answer 20

Prefrontal cortex

Question 21

Prefrontal cortex is impaired in:

Answer 21

CHI, ADHD and Aspergers

Question 22

Daneman and Carpenter’s research on reading span looked at differences in memory ________ among individuals.
a. structure
b. capacity
c. buffering
d. rehearsal

Answer 22

b. capacity

Question 23

Funahashi and Stokes both focused on which concept relating to memory?
a. delay
b. rotation
c. decay
d. imagery

Answer 23

a. delay

Question 24

According to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________.
a. at remembering and the synaptic state
b. only at stimulus input
c. at stimulus input and remembering
d. only at remembering

Answer 24

c. at stimulus input and remembering

Question 25

When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second? a. 7 b. 12 c. 24 d. 96

Answer 25

c. 24

Question 26

___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

Answer 26

d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

Question 27

Currently, it is generally believed that the upper limit for short-term memory is ___. a. limitless b. 7 plus or minus 2 items c. between 10 and14 items d. about 4 items

Answer 27

d. about 4 items

Question 28

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____. a. sound; vision b. vision; sound c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. long-term memory; short-term memory

Answer 28

b. vision; sound

Question 29

While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following? a. iconic memory b. sensory memory c. executive memory d. semantic memory

Answer 29

d. semantic memory

Question 30

According to the phonological similarity effect, we're more likely to confuse words or letters that ___ similar. For example, "F" is more likely to be misidentified as ___. a. sound; "E" b. sound; "S" c. look; "E" d. look; "P"

Answer 30

b. sound; "S"

Question 31

According to Broadbent, where does the process of rehearsal take place? a. central executive b. short-term memory c. working memory d. sensory memory

Answer 31

b. short-term memory

Question 32

What distinguishes working memory from short-term memory? a. location b. stimuli c. speed d. complexity

Answer 32

d. complexity

Question 33

If someone is showing perseveration, then they've likely had damage to the ___ lobe of the brain. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital

Answer 33

a. frontal

Question 34

Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory? a. a song lyric b. a shopping list c. a firefly's glow d. a friend's greeting

Answer 34

c. a firefly's glow

Question 35

___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

Answer 35

d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

Question 36

When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second? a. 7 b. 12 c. 24 d. 96

Answer 36

c. 24

Question 37

Which of the following has the shortest rate of decay? a. an exit sign b. a finger snap c. a trumpet note d. an opera aria

Answer 37

a. an exit sign

Question 38

Which of the following likely led early telephone companies to create phone numbers using the format 213-555-1234 rather than a format such as 21776-551873-0633295? a. phonological similarity b. digit span c. articulatory rehearsal d. chunking

Answer 38

b. digit span

Question 39

By listing numbers as (212) 555-1234, telephone companies use which technique to help people remember their own and others' phone numbers? a. mental rotation b. chunking c. digit span d. phonological similarity

Answer 39

b. chunking

Question 40

Which of the following will present the greatest challenge for storing in short-term memory? a. yellow cubes b. colored circles c. striped boxes d. plaid polygons

Answer 40

d. plaid polygons

Question 41

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect Baddeley and Hitch's concept of working memory? a. visual b. unlimited c. temporary d. proactive

Answer 41

b. unlimited

Question 42

If memory can be seen as a crowded city, what is the central executive? a. a main street b. a bus dispatcher c. a taxi driver d. a subway car

Answer 42

b. a bus dispatcher

Question 43

What is a key function of the phonological loop? a. to fire neurons b. to increase capacity c. to rotate images d. to prevent decay

Answer 43

d. to prevent decay

Question 44

Which of the following student names is least likely to be remembered by a substitute teacher? a. Prab Banerjee b. Carlos Ortiz c. James Fontana d. Ekaterina Kornikova

Answer 44

d. Ekaterina Kornikova

Question 45

Which of the following will most engage the visuospatial sketch pad? a. painting a wall b. doing a jigsaw puzzle c. building a birdhouse d. writing a sentence

Answer 45

c. building a birdhouse

Question 46

According to Baddeley, the central executive controls ________. a. sensation b. attention c. rotation d. perseveration

Answer 46

b. attention

Question 47

At this point in time, what is considered the primary function of the episodic buffer? a. controlling processes b. accelerating processes c. storing information d. sorting information

Answer 47

c. storing information

Question 48

According to Stokes's model of activity-silent working memory, where is energy being directed during the silent state? a. axons b. synapses c. dendrites d. neurons

Answer 48

b. synapses

Question 49

according to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________. a. at remembering and the synaptic state b. only at stimulus input c. at stimulus input and remembering d. only at remembering

Answer 49

c. at stimulus input and remembering