Prac Exam Flashcards
Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?
Question 1Answer
a.
Because he used behavior to infer mental processes
b.
Because of his focus on measuring behavior
c.
Because he focused on the stimulus-response connections in the rat’s mind during his maze experiment
d.
Because of his interest in operant conditioning
a.
Because he used behavior to infer mental processes
Wundt’s procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
Question 2Answer
a.
information processing.
b.
analytic introspection.
c.
functional analysis.
d.
behavioral analysis.
b.
analytic introspection.
Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
Question 3Answer
a.
Donald Broadbent
b.
Colin Cherry
c.
Newell and Simon
d.
Wilhelm Wundt
a.
Donald Broadbent
The main point of the Donders’s reaction time experiments was to
Question 4Answer
a.
show that reaction times can be measured accurately.
b.
measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
c.
determine differences in the way people react to stimuli.
d.
show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.
b.
measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser’s book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?
Question 5Answer
a.
Long-term memory
b.
Sensory memory
c.
Episodic memory
d.
Semantic memory
b.
Sensory memory
The “cognitive revolution”
Question 6Answer
a.
occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers.
b.
extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt’s introspection experiments.
c.
was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.
d.
was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.
c.
was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.
If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?
Question 7Answer
a.
the oven
b.
the cake
c.
the flour
d.
the flavor
b.
the cake
Maria took a drink from a container marked “milk.” Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
Question 8Answer
a.
reception of the stimulus.
b.
bottom-up processing.
c.
top-down processing.
d.
focused attention.
c.
top-down processing.
What is the process of unconscious inference?
Question 9Answer
a.
When our subconscious mind interferes with our conscience
b.
When our unconscious perceptions align with our conscious perceptions
c.
When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
d.
When our subconscious interferes with what we perceive from our retinas
c.
When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?
Question 10Answer
a.
One is internally activated and the other is externally activated.
b.
One has physical form and the other lacks physical form.
c.
One sends information and the other receives information.
d.
One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge.
c.
One sends information and the other receives information.
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Question 11Answer
a.
Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
b.
Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
c.
Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.
d.
All of these are correct.
d.
All of these are correct
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
Question 12Answer
a.
myelin sheaths.
b.
potentiated somas.
c.
neural circuits.
d.
spreading activations.
c.
neural circuits.
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the
Question 13Answer
a.
size of the action potentials.
b.
size of the synapse.
c.
firing rate of the neurotransmitters.
d.
firing rate of the action potentials.
d.
firing rate of the action potentials.
The saying, “If you’ve seen one, you’ve seen ‘em all” best reflects which of the following?
Question 14Answer
a.
principle of similarity
b.
law of pragnanz
c.
semantic regularities
d.
likelihood principle
d.
likelihood principle
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.
Question 15Answer
a.
spreading activation
b.
cognitive economy
c.
typicality
d.
back propagation
a.
spreading activation
For the category “fruit,” people give a higher typicality rating to “banana” than to “kiwi.” Knowing that, we can also reason that
Question 16Answer
a.
the word “fruit” will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.
b.
when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana.
c.
neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit “closest” to the prototype of the fruit category.
d.
people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.
a.
the word “fruit” will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.