Week 6 - Chapter 15

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

distinction between genetic females XX and genetic males XY

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

social assignment or self categorization as female or male or neither or a different category

Question 3

cisgender

Answer 3

people who identify with their assigned gender at birth

Question 4

transgender

Answer 4

person identifies with a different gender than assigned at birth

Question 5

nonbinary

Answer 5

person who does not identify exclusively with one gender category

Question 6

gender fluid

Answer 6

person who self identifies with different gender categories depending on the context

Question 7

agender

Answer 7

person who does not identify with any gender category

Question 8

5 problems with gender as a binary construct

Answer 8

1. dimorphic system - male, female brain - brain structures are not unique to one sex
2. male hormones vs female hormones - testosterone and estrogen are present in all humans
3. feminine and masculine behaviour - most people have a mix of typical gendered behaviour
4. transgender and non binary identities - 0.6-1.2% transgender, 1.2% nonbinary
5. cultural practices - binary segregation in cultural practices

Question 9

trans youth project

Answer 9

studied transgender kids - 5 years after initial social transition 94% maintained their transition
2.5% cisgender, 3.5% nonbinary

Question 10

mental health and transgender children

Answer 10

high levels of anxiety in depression - children who have not transitioned yet
socially transitioned children who are supported - normative depression levels and minimal levels in anxiety

Question 11

gender typing, gender typed, cross gender typed

Answer 11

gender typing: process of gender socialization through development - activities, toys
gender typed: behaviours stereotypical for a given persons assigned gender
cross-gender-typed: behaviours contrary to those stereotypes for a given persons assigned gender
gender non conforming: children who are highly cross gender typed

Question 12

differences between boys and girls - effect sizes

Answer 12

very smilar
small - 85% overlap, medium - 66% overlap, large = 53% overlap, very large - less than 30%
very large differences - motor abilities, strength and running speed in adolescence B>G
large - preferences for feminine toys G>B, masculine toys B>G, rough and tumble play B>G, self control (small to large) G>B, physical aggression B>G
small/trivial - academic performance - one medium difference: writing achievement G>B, personality (activity level) B>G, communication (medium, self disclosure in adolescence) G>B

Question 13

genes and gender development - biological

Answer 13

XY - aggressive behaviour linked
XX - nurturing behaviour linked
evolutionary argument that gender specific traits exist to increase chance of mating and protecting offspring

Question 14

hormones and the brain - biological

Answer 14

androgens - class of steroids that includes testosterone
produced in males and females, increases in prenatal development to form male genitalia

Question 15

influences of sex linked hormones

Answer 15

organizing - sex linked hormones may influence the organizing and functioning of the nervous system - e.g. this organization can affect play preferences - different organization of neurons

activating influences - sex linked hormones influence the contemporaneous activation of certain brain and behavioural responses - androgens respond to threats, maybe why we see differences in aggression

Question 16

brain structure and functioning - biological

Answer 16

male brains 11% larger, no brain structure unique to one sex
male and female brains are monomorphic

Question 17

social identity theory

Answer 17

influence of group membership
ingroup bias - evaluate individuals and characteristics associated with ingroup more positively
ingroup assimilation - socialized to conform to groups norms
characteristics associated with high status groups more valued - male dominated societies prefer male attributes, girls may use masculine behaviour to enhance status

Question 18

social cognitive theory

Answer 18

triadic - learning occurs through tuition, enactive experience, observation
tuition - direct teaching during gender socialization
enactive experience - children guide their behaviour by taking into account reactions their past behaviours have evoked
observational learning - seeing and encoding the consequences of others experiences as a result of owns actions

attention, memory, production and motivation in observational learning of gender

Question 19

cognitive developmental theory

Answer 19

children seek to understand meaning of gender through observation and interacting with world - piaget

gender identity - 30 mo - think abt it, dont understand it is stable
gender stability - 3-4yr - gender remains same, dont understand gender beyond appearance
gender constancy - 6yr - gender is invariant across situations

Question 20

gender schema theory

Answer 20

understand gender through gender schemas - memories of ones own experiences, gender stereotypes, media portrayals

ingroup/outgroup gender schema - “the same as me” or not - own gender schema for how to do things consistent with ones own gender - gender schema responsible for bias in processing and remembering information about gender

pay attention to own gender schema and remember more

Question 21

gender schema theory - filters

Answer 21

gender schema filter - initial evaluation of information as relevant for ones own gender

interest filter - initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

Question 22

gender schema theory - cognitive intervention program

Answer 22

elementary school children learned that interests and abilities are important for jobs in gender free examples

gender stereotyping decreased and memory for gender inconsistent stimuli increased

Question 23

cultural influences - gender development

Answer 23

larger cultural and social structural factors - consideration of gender inequalities in society - structurally built in

Question 24

bioecological model

Answer 24

opportunity structure - economic and social resources (income, race) can vary on gender and are reflected in the role adults’ play in society
proportion of men and women in that role represent the existing opportunity that exist for men and women in that role

microsystem - immediate environment
mesosystem - connection between environments
exosystem - indirect environments
macrosystem - social and cultural values
chronosystem - changes over time

Question 25

gender development - infancy

Answer 25

distinguish differences based on hair style, clothing, height, body shape, motion patterns, vocal pitch

no understanding of gender differences

Question 26

gender development - toddlerhood

Answer 26

gender related expectations regarding objects or activities associated with males or females
18 mo. look longer at a doll after viewing female faces
2.5 yrs label others gender, show understanding of own gender shortly after

Question 27

gender development - preschool years

Answer 27

3-5
learn gender stereotypes - roles, activities, traits
lack gender constancy
develop gender typed behaviour

Question 28

preschool and gender typed behaviour

Answer 28

preference for gender typed toys strengthens
gender segregation - peer preferences - behavioural compatibility
avoid peers who violate gender norms
age 5-7 tease peers who cross gender role boundaries

Question 29

gender development - middle childhood

Answer 29

ideas about gender consolidated - gender constancy - may recognize some differences like some girls dont wear dresses

9-10 - clear understanding that gender is a social category

understand costs of violating gender norms

understand gender discrimination and realize it is unfair - do it anyways

Question 30

gender typed behaviour - middle childhood

Answer 30

assertion - tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent or aggressive behaviours - more boys

affiliation - affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, cooperative - more girls

collaboration - coordination of assertion and affiliation in behaviour such as making initiations for joint activity - more girls

Question 31

gender development - adolescence

Answer 31

gender role intensification - adhering to traditional gender roles - can lead to hostile (men seen as dominant) or benevolent (men seen as protectors) sexism or gender discrimination

gender role flexibility - recognize gender roles as social conventions and adoption of more flexible attitudes and interests - more likely in girls than boys

Question 32

gender typed behaviour - adolescence

Answer 32

early adolescence - peer contacts are primarily same gender, mixed gender groups come more common if cultural norms allow it

increased intimacy and closeness in same gender friendships - self disclosure - girls, sharing activities - boys