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Human Anatomy > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain

spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves connecting CNS to the rest of the body

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3
Q

somatic PNS

A

body

conscious

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4
Q

visceral PNS

A

guts

not conscious

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5
Q

somatic motor (GSE)

A

nerves that innervate voluntary muscles (myotomes)

general somatic efferent

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6
Q

somatic sensory (GSA)

A

nerves that carry conscious sensations from the body wall (dermatomes) back to CNS; specifically pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception
general somatic afferent

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7
Q

visceral motor (GVE)

A

nerves are part of the autonomic division of the CNS. these nerves are subdivided into two kinds: General Visceral Efferent
sympathetic
parasympathetic

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8
Q

sympathetic

A

innervates involuntary structures in the body wall (glands, smooth muscle) and viscera

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9
Q

parasmpathetic

A

innervates visceral structures only

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10
Q

visceral sensory (GVA)

A

nerves carry unconscious sensations and conscious sensations
general visceral afferent

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11
Q

what are most nerves in the body

A

multipolar nerurons

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12
Q

multipolar nueron

A

most common in the brain and spinal cord

3+ dendrites and one long axon

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13
Q

example of multipolar nueron

A

large motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

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14
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two processes arise form the cell body. One process ends in dendrites, the other (an axon) end in terminals in the CNS. always related to sensory functions

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15
Q

example of bipolar neuron

A

retinal bipolar cells
cochlear cells
vestibular ganglia

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16
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

A single neurite arises from the cell body and divides into two branches. One branch projects to the periphery, the other projects to the CNS; both branches have the structural and functional characteristics of an axon.

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17
Q

example of pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

sensory cells in the dorsal root ganglia

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18
Q

nerves

A

collection of axons of neurons

sheathed bundles of axons

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19
Q

neuron

A

individual cells that relay information

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20
Q

why are neurons packaged together in a nerve

A

so they can travel together to reach similar destinations

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21
Q

what part of the CNS does most of the communicating with most of the body

A

spinal cord

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22
Q

gray matter

A

more cell body

butterfly shape

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23
Q

where do nerves coming from the body go

A

to the nervous system

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24
Q

white matter

A

more myelinated axons

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25
Q

meninges

A

layers of tissues surrounding spinal cord and brain

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26
Q

dura mater (spinal mater)

A

subdural space

thicket and most durable

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27
Q

arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space

thin layer of spider web like structure

28
Q

layers of tissue around brain outside to inside

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

29
Q

pia mater

A

very thin translucent layer that directly overlies spinal cord and brain

30
Q

important thing to know about subdural and subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal fluid lives in subarachnoid space

31
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

surrounds the spinal cord

helps to protect and to facilitate

32
Q

spinal nerves

A

paired nerves come off spinal cord
these nerves head to the rest of the body
1 nerve pair at each vertebra

33
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

hole spinal nerves go through

between pedicle

34
Q

spinal cord segments

A

31 segments
each segment is a section of cord (grey and white matter) related to a pair of spinal nerves
segmented in function, not appearance

35
Q

parts of spinal cord to know

A

conus medullaris
filum terminale
cauda equina

36
Q

myotomes

A

segmental blocks of muscles innervated by a spinal segment

37
Q

dermatomes

A

stripes of skin innervated by individual spinal segments

38
Q

important dermatoes

A

nipple- T4
ubillicus- T10
fingertips- C6-T1
toes- L5-S1

39
Q

shoulder dermatomes

A

C3-4

40
Q

middle finger dermatoes

A

C7

41
Q

armpit

A

T3

42
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

where sensory nerves live

actual cell bodies of the neurons

43
Q

ventral horn (grey matter)

A

multipolar somatic motor neurons

44
Q

visceral motor (GVE) function

A

to maintain at a constant level the internal environment of the body by regulation of involuntary functions

45
Q

what do both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems composed of

A

two neuron arcs

each arc has a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron

46
Q

where are parasympathetic neurons located

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

S2-S4

47
Q

where are sympathetic neurons located

A

T1-L2

48
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

activated in stressful situations, basic function is to increase energy expenditure

49
Q

examples of sympathetic nervous system

A

increase in blood flow to skeletal muscle
increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar level
pupillary dilation

50
Q

effects of sympathetic nervous system

A

widespread because one sympathetic preganglionic axon synapses on many postganglionic neurons
results in a cascade of postganglionic activation

51
Q

where does the sympathetic nerve pathway start

A

in intermediolateral column of T1-L2 spinal cord segments

52
Q

3 basic pathways for sympathetic innervation, depending on what is being supplied

A

1- visceral body structures in the body wall: arrector pili muscles, sweat/sebaceous glands, peripheral blood vessels
2- thoracic organs (heart, lungs)
3- abdominopelvic organs (stomach)

53
Q

pathway for sympathetic innervation to body wall

A

intermediolateal column between T1-L2- preganglionic nerve
down ventral horn
down ventral root
through spinal nerve
down ventral ramus
down white ramus communicans- postganglionic nerve
preganglionic nerve is going to synapse onto postganglionic nerve- activates
postganglionic nerve through grey ramus communicans
up to and through ventral ramus
through series of nerves to body wall

54
Q

pathway for sympathetic innervation to thoracic organs (only in T1-T4)

A

IML
down ventral horn
up the ventral root to spinal nerve
down ventral ramus
down white ramus communicans synapse onto postganglionic neuron
nerves leave sympathetic ganglion together
runs straight to wherever its going

55
Q

pathway for sympathetic innervation to abdominal organs (T5-L2)

A

IML
down ventral horn
up ventral root to spinal nerve
through ventral ramus
down white ramus communicans into sympathetic ganglion
preganglionic fibers leave sympathetic ganglion together in splanchnic nerve
heads to one of the ganglia that are found on top of the aorta inside abdomen to synapse on postganglionic nerve
then travels from that ganglion to target organ

56
Q

parasympathetic nervous system function

A

to conserve and restore body energy

rest and digest

57
Q

examples of parasympathetic activation

A

decrease in heart rate

relaxation of sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract

58
Q

what of the effects of parasympathetic activation

A

localized and last for a short time because a single parasympathetic preganglionic fiber may only synapse on one or two postganglionic nuerons

59
Q

what does the parasympathetic function in opposition of

A

sympathetic system

60
Q

where are preganglionic neurons located for parasympathetic nervous system

A

brainstem

sacral spinal cord IML (S2-S4)

61
Q

where are postganglionic cell bodies located

A

in 4 dissectible ganglia in the head/neck region, otherwise in the wall of target organ

62
Q

Visceral pain (GVA)

A

sensations are not consciously recognized EXCEPT for visceral pain
always uncomfortable or painful, but dull and poorly locailzed

63
Q

stimuli for visceral pain

A

ischemia
inflammation
distention or stretching
sustained smooth muscle contraction (cramping)

64
Q

not stimuli for visceral pain

A

cutting
crushing
burning

65
Q

visceral sensation (GVA)

A

The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia T1–L2, scattered between the somatic sensory cell bodies
The peripheral processes of their axons, after entering the spinal nerve, distribute to visceral structures by running alongside the sympathetic pre- and post-ganglionic axons for those structures, no matter how complicated that path might be. If you know the path of sympathetic innervation to a structure, you know the path of visceral sensory innervation in reverse, just without synapse

66
Q

exception for visceral sensation

A

pathways for distention and most autonomic reflexes follow parasympathetic back to CNS

Human Anatomy (20 decks)

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