Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Anatomy > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves connecting CNS to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

somatic PNS

A

body

conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

visceral PNS

A

guts

not conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

somatic motor (GSE)

A

nerves that innervate voluntary muscles (myotomes)

general somatic efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

somatic sensory (GSA)

A

nerves that carry conscious sensations from the body wall (dermatomes) back to CNS; specifically pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception
general somatic afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

visceral motor (GVE)

A

nerves are part of the autonomic division of the CNS. these nerves are subdivided into two kinds: General Visceral Efferent
sympathetic
parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sympathetic

A

innervates involuntary structures in the body wall (glands, smooth muscle) and viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

parasmpathetic

A

innervates visceral structures only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

visceral sensory (GVA)

A

nerves carry unconscious sensations and conscious sensations
general visceral afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are most nerves in the body

A

multipolar nerurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

multipolar nueron

A

most common in the brain and spinal cord

3+ dendrites and one long axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

example of multipolar nueron

A

large motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two processes arise form the cell body. One process ends in dendrites, the other (an axon) end in terminals in the CNS. always related to sensory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

example of bipolar neuron

A

retinal bipolar cells
cochlear cells
vestibular ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

A single neurite arises from the cell body and divides into two branches. One branch projects to the periphery, the other projects to the CNS; both branches have the structural and functional characteristics of an axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

example of pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

sensory cells in the dorsal root ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nerves

A

collection of axons of neurons

sheathed bundles of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neuron

A

individual cells that relay information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why are neurons packaged together in a nerve

A

so they can travel together to reach similar destinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what part of the CNS does most of the communicating with most of the body

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

gray matter

A

more cell body

butterfly shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where do nerves coming from the body go

A

to the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

white matter

A

more myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
meninges
layers of tissues surrounding spinal cord and brain
26
dura mater (spinal mater)
subdural space | thicket and most durable
27
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space | thin layer of spider web like structure
28
layers of tissue around brain outside to inside
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
29
pia mater
very thin translucent layer that directly overlies spinal cord and brain
30
important thing to know about subdural and subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid lives in subarachnoid space
31
cerebrospinal fluid
surrounds the spinal cord | helps to protect and to facilitate
32
spinal nerves
paired nerves come off spinal cord these nerves head to the rest of the body 1 nerve pair at each vertebra
33
intervertebral foramen
hole spinal nerves go through | between pedicle
34
spinal cord segments
31 segments each segment is a section of cord (grey and white matter) related to a pair of spinal nerves segmented in function, not appearance
35
parts of spinal cord to know
conus medullaris filum terminale cauda equina
36
myotomes
segmental blocks of muscles innervated by a spinal segment
37
dermatomes
stripes of skin innervated by individual spinal segments
38
important dermatoes
nipple- T4 ubillicus- T10 fingertips- C6-T1 toes- L5-S1
39
shoulder dermatomes
C3-4
40
middle finger dermatoes
C7
41
armpit
T3
42
dorsal root ganglia
where sensory nerves live | actual cell bodies of the neurons
43
ventral horn (grey matter)
multipolar somatic motor neurons
44
visceral motor (GVE) function
to maintain at a constant level the internal environment of the body by regulation of involuntary functions
45
what do both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems composed of
two neuron arcs | each arc has a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron
46
where are parasympathetic neurons located
cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X | S2-S4
47
where are sympathetic neurons located
T1-L2
48
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight | activated in stressful situations, basic function is to increase energy expenditure
49
examples of sympathetic nervous system
increase in blood flow to skeletal muscle increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar level pupillary dilation
50
effects of sympathetic nervous system
widespread because one sympathetic preganglionic axon synapses on many postganglionic neurons results in a cascade of postganglionic activation
51
where does the sympathetic nerve pathway start
in intermediolateral column of T1-L2 spinal cord segments
52
3 basic pathways for sympathetic innervation, depending on what is being supplied
1- visceral body structures in the body wall: arrector pili muscles, sweat/sebaceous glands, peripheral blood vessels 2- thoracic organs (heart, lungs) 3- abdominopelvic organs (stomach)
53
pathway for sympathetic innervation to body wall
intermediolateal column between T1-L2- preganglionic nerve down ventral horn down ventral root through spinal nerve down ventral ramus down white ramus communicans- postganglionic nerve preganglionic nerve is going to synapse onto postganglionic nerve- activates postganglionic nerve through grey ramus communicans up to and through ventral ramus through series of nerves to body wall
54
pathway for sympathetic innervation to thoracic organs (only in T1-T4)
IML down ventral horn up the ventral root to spinal nerve down ventral ramus down white ramus communicans synapse onto postganglionic neuron nerves leave sympathetic ganglion together runs straight to wherever its going
55
pathway for sympathetic innervation to abdominal organs (T5-L2)
IML down ventral horn up ventral root to spinal nerve through ventral ramus down white ramus communicans into sympathetic ganglion preganglionic fibers leave sympathetic ganglion together in splanchnic nerve heads to one of the ganglia that are found on top of the aorta inside abdomen to synapse on postganglionic nerve then travels from that ganglion to target organ
56
parasympathetic nervous system function
to conserve and restore body energy | rest and digest
57
examples of parasympathetic activation
decrease in heart rate | relaxation of sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract
58
what of the effects of parasympathetic activation
localized and last for a short time because a single parasympathetic preganglionic fiber may only synapse on one or two postganglionic nuerons
59
what does the parasympathetic function in opposition of
sympathetic system
60
where are preganglionic neurons located for parasympathetic nervous system
brainstem | sacral spinal cord IML (S2-S4)
61
where are postganglionic cell bodies located
in 4 dissectible ganglia in the head/neck region, otherwise in the wall of target organ
62
Visceral pain (GVA)
sensations are not consciously recognized EXCEPT for visceral pain always uncomfortable or painful, but dull and poorly locailzed
63
stimuli for visceral pain
ischemia inflammation distention or stretching sustained smooth muscle contraction (cramping)
64
not stimuli for visceral pain
cutting crushing burning
65
visceral sensation (GVA)
The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia T1–L2, scattered between the somatic sensory cell bodies The peripheral processes of their axons, after entering the spinal nerve, distribute to visceral structures by running alongside the sympathetic pre- and post-ganglionic axons for those structures, no matter how complicated that path might be. If you know the path of sympathetic innervation to a structure, you know the path of visceral sensory innervation in reverse, just without synapse
66
exception for visceral sensation
pathways for distention and most autonomic reflexes follow parasympathetic back to CNS

Human Anatomy (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions