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Repair And Regeneration > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

Sensory discrimination

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2
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

Emotions/Attention

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3
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Cognition

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4
Q

Insula

A

Sensory motor integration

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5
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional affect

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6
Q

What is Angular cingulate involved in?

A

Perception of pain

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7
Q

Where does ACC have a connection between?

A

Emotional limbic system

Cognitive prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

What is the role of ACC?

A

Affect regulation: ability to control and manage uncomfortable emotions

  1. Decision making
  2. Emotional regulation
  3. Regulation of physiological process such as BP and HR
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9
Q

Where is most of the information for pain found?

A

Red 1-2

Lamina 5

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10
Q

What is Lamina 10 associated with?

A

Visceral afferent input

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11
Q

What is found throughout the dorsal horn?

A

Interconnections

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12
Q

What does innocuous stimulus to Lamina 3,4,5 contact?

A

Projection neurons into the pain system

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13
Q

What is found in outer Lamina 1 and outer part of Lamina 2 in the cord?

A

CGRP

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14
Q

What do you label skin afferent with?

A

tracer CTB

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15
Q

What is the organisation of afferents?

A 
On entry from spinal root - bifurcate
Contact neurons - reflex motor activity 
A fibre - quite far 
A fibre - dorsal column nuclei 
C fibres don’t go fat 
C fibre - Lissauer’s tract
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16
Q

where does A fibre ascend to and do?

A

Dorsal column nuclei

Collaterals contact spinal cord neurons

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17
Q

Where does C fibre run in and do?

A

Lissauer’s tract
Ascend and travel 1-2 segments within cord where they synapse
Project neurons transmit ascending afferent information to opposite side
Contra laterally to spinothalamic tract

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18
Q

What is found within glabrous skin?

A

Different receptors

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19
Q

What does glabrous skin contain?

A

Encapsulated A fibres

Meissner’s and Merkel disc - transduce touch, sensitivity across skin

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20
Q

Where does Ad-type pain stimuli come from?

A

Free nerve endings

High threshold mechanoreceptors - mechanical pain

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21
Q

What do hairs detect ?

A

Vibration and movement

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22
Q

What is Innocuous touch information processed by?

A

Glabrous and hairy skin

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23
Q

In glabrous skin, what 4 types of mechanorceptors is innocuous touch mediated by?

A

Merkel cells
Meissners corpuscles
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles

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24
Q

Hairy skin

A

Tactile stimuli are transducer through 3 types of hair follicles

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25
Q

What is noxious touch detected by?

A

Free nerve endings found in epidermis of both glabrous and hairy skin
Characterised by both A delta and C HTMR responses

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26
Q

What is organisation in spinal cord of distinct input ?

A

Somatotopy with different afferents showing characteristic termination pattern

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27
Q

What does myelinated fibres relate to?

A

Reflex arcs

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28
Q

What do we modify movements based on?

A

Innocuous sensory inputs

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29
Q

Why are Many of the afferents myelinated?

A

Reflexes and integration and modification of nociceptive input

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30
Q

In the context of inflammation what do we get?

A

Allodynia

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31
Q

What does afferents do?

A

Modulate the particular region of the cord

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32
Q

What is spinal cord?

A

Somatotopically organised

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33
Q

Somatotopy

A

All different modalities of sensation are organised in dorsal horn together

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34
Q

What is spinal cord

A

Sensory organisation integration area

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35
Q

What does innocuous and noxious input show?

A

Distinct but overlapping distribution pattern in the spinal cord

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36
Q

What did early studies look at?

A

Recording and filling an individual neuron to see where it is projection within cord
They have different projection

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37
Q

Where does noxious heat project to?

A

Lamina 1 and 5

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38
Q

Where does Ab project to?

A

Lamina 5

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39
Q

Where does C fibres project to?

A

Lamina 1

40
Q

What does afferents cells contact?

A

Dorsal horn interneurons

Projection neurons

41
Q

What are 99% of cells?

A

Interneurons

Short projection neuron with local circuit in region of dorsal horn

42
Q

What are 1% of cells?

A

Projection neurons

43
Q

What can interneurons be divided into?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory or neuromodulators

44
Q

What do interneurons have?

A

Particular input

They can be wide-dynamic range from noxious stimulus to innocuous stimuli

45
Q

High threshold

A

Noxious stimuli only

46
Q

Low threshold

A

Innocuous stimuli only

47
Q

Wide dynamic range

A

Both noxious and innocuous stimuli

48
Q

Where does LTMR afferents project into?

A

DCML
Carries innocuous mechanical information i.e. discriminative touch
Project into cord and activate a range of dorsal horn interneurons for reflexes/integration

49
Q

What is the role of polysynaptic pathway?

A

Take input from second order neuron and send information to higher centres Medulla and dorsal column
Postsynaptic dorsal column pathway (PSDC) + spinocervical tract

50
Q

What does Lamina I and V projection neurons carry to the brain?

A

Nociceptive information

51
Q

What are the pain fibres?

A

C and Ad fibres

Going to Lamina 1 and 2 outer mainly

52
Q

What does C fibres Lamina I express?

A

CGRP

53
Q

What does Ad fibres have?

A

Monosynaptic inputs

54
Q

Where does Ab fibre innocuous go through?

A

Middle portion Lamina 3-5

55
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract?

A

Main pathway up to the thalamus then to consciousness through input to cortices

56
Q

What is the pathway of spinothalamic tract?

A 
Brachial nucleus 
Reticular formation 
Periaqueductal grey 
Input to amygdala
Cortices
57
Q

What does nociceptors activate?

A

Projection neurons of the spinothalamic tract

58
Q

What are projection cells?

A

Modality specific

59
Q

What are Lamina I cells?

A

Morality specific

Via medial, posterior thalamus projections to cingulate and insular cortex

60
Q

What are Lamina V cells?

A

Integrate inputs

Wide dynamic range I.e. noxious and innocuous

61
Q

What are ilet cells?

A

Inhibitory cells involved in particular circuitries in central cells

62
Q

1% of cells

A

Projection neurons
Projecting into spinothalamic tract
Projecting out of the spinal cord

63
Q

What can lesions of dorsal column reduce?

A

Pain

E.g. cancer pain of the viscera

64
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Converge with cutaneous input

65
Q

What are projection neurons identified by?

A

NK1 receptors

66
Q

What are 30-50% of cells in laminae I-II?

A

Inhibitory

67
Q

What are NK1?

A

Substance P receptor
Mostly projection neurons
Mainly found in Lamina I

68
Q

What is the function of NK1?

A

Taking burning pain/ information upwards

69
Q

What are the neurochemistry of dorsal horn neurons?

A

GABA + = inhibitory markers of inter neurons

GABA - = excitatory markers of neurons

70
Q

What is hypothesis 1 of labelled lines?

A

Afferents carry separate information to different neuronal population

71
Q

What results in decreased pain sensation in chronic pain conditions?

A

Deletion of NK1 or PKC gamma

72
Q

What is activated by acute noxious stimulus?

A

NK1

73
Q

What do you see in noxious stimuli?

A

Increase of c-Fos activity within cord

74
Q

What is trans neuronal transporter traces?

A

Transgenic nice

Localised go Nav1.8 cells [non-peptidergic]

75
Q

Peptidergic ones

A

CGRP substance P cells synapse on Lamina I cells

76
Q

Where does NK1 positive cells project up to and what does it do?

A

Project up thalamus via parabrachial nucleus

Project to amygdala - hot stimulus keep away from it

77
Q

What does information relayed by Nav1.8 nociceptors contribute to?

A

Affective component of pain experience

78
Q

What are PKC gamma innervated by?

A

A fibre and C low threshold mechanoreceptors

79
Q

What is C fibres associated with?

A

High thermal temperatures

High mechanoreceptor ones (peptidergic)

80
Q

What can TRPV1 have a lesion by?

A

High level of capsaicin

81
Q

What can Lamina I and V get?

A

Convergence signalling

82
Q

What are Lamina I and V ?

A

Mainly convergent

Lamina I C and Ad - nociceptors mainly

83
Q

Lamina II

A

Segregation of inputs

84
Q

What does Mrgprd population of cells innervate ?

A

Wide range of Lamina II interneurons

85
Q

What happens if you knock out b5i inhibitory cells?

A

Neurons no longer respond to somatostatin

86
Q

What reduces itch sensation?

A

Put cooling stimuli on same area

87
Q

What is the consequence of putting cholorfilm on animal?

A

Cause it to itch

88
Q

What’s reduced itch?

A

Menthol

89
Q

What does Dynorphon act to do?

A

Reduce itch

Cells are contacted by menthol cells that have TRPM8

90
Q

What is required for the survival o class of Lam I/II interneurons ?

A

Bhlhb5

91
Q

What inhibits neuronal activity?

A

somatostatin

92
Q

What is the only somatostatin receptor that is expressed by dorsal horn neurons?

A

sst2A

93
Q

What does B5-I neurons do?

A

Inhibit itch

94
Q

What is required for menthol modulation of itch?

A

Dynorphin cells

95
Q

What does non painful input do?

A

Close the gate to painful input

Prevent pain sensation from travelling to the central nervous system

Repair And Regeneration (16 decks)

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