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Repair And Regeneration > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs during condition of injury?

A

Convergent signalling

Sometimes what would normally be innocuous stimuli feels painful

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2
Q

What is Allodynia?

A

Innocuous stimuli is felt as painful

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3
Q

What is Hyperalgesia?

A

Painful stimulus appears more painful

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4
Q

How can convergent processing be identified?

A

Knock on head

Rubbing head

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5
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

Non-painful input closes the nerve “gates” to painful input

Prevent pain sensation from travelling to the CNS

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6
Q

What are the physiological mechanisms of sensation?

A
  1. Transduction
  2. Transmission
  3. Perception
  4. Modulation
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7
Q

What is transmission?

A

AP going from periphery to CNS and then upward through the system to our perception

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8
Q

Where does opioid receptors modulate in?

A

Brain and spinal cord

Central

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9
Q

What receptors are related to noxious heat?

A

TRPV1/2 or TREK channels

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10
Q

What is TRPA1 opened by?

A

Number of chemical mediators

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11
Q

What are cold stimuli mediated by?

A

TRPM8

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12
Q

What is TRPV1 ?

A

Capsaicin receptor (hot pepper)

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13
Q

Where does Bipolar neuron stay?

A

In visual system

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14
Q

Where does Pseudo-unipolar stay?

A

Somatosensory system or motor system

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15
Q

What is the function of contact projection neurons?

A

Send information more centrally

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16
Q

What can contact projection neurons induce?

A

Cognitive response
Behavioural response
Integration of other information

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17
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter of sensory afferent?

A

Glutamate

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18
Q

What is the function of AMPAR receptors?

A

Induce a fast polarising current

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19
Q

What is the function of Cl-?

A

Act as intracellular messenger altering metabolism of cells binding to EKC

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20
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Have links to GPCR to CAMP

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21
Q

What does Glutamate on the second neuron allow?

A

Plasticity

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22
Q

What can induce central sensitisation?

A

Metabotropic receptors

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23
Q

What can AP fired be?

A

Different sequence and intensity

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24
Q

What are examples of cutaneous?

A

Pricking
Stabbing
Burning
Well localised

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25
Q

What are examples of muscle?

A

Aching

Cramping

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26
Q

What are examples of Visceral?

A

Fullness
Dullness
Vague

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27
Q

In the muscle what is innocuous stimuli brought by?

A

Ad fibre and A fibre

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28
Q

What doesn’t the free nerve ending detect?

A

Innocuous stimuli

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of larger neurons?

A

Large diameter axons

Myelinated

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30
Q

What is C-fibre?

A

Slow conduction velocity

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31
Q

Myelinated fibres

A

Fast conduction velocity

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32
Q

What are C fibres?

A

Polymodal

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33
Q

A fibre

A

Low threshold mechanosensation

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34
Q

C fibres

A

High threshold

Mechano, thermo, chemonociception

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35
Q

What are itch fibres conveyed by?

A

C-fibres

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36
Q

What are C fibres important for?

A

Crude touch

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37
Q

What are properties of A fibres ?

A

Ad fibres can be innocuous
Fast conduction velocity
Low threshold mechanoreceptors
Innervate specific peripheral receptors

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38
Q

What are properties of C fibres?

A 
Unmyelinated fibres 
Slow conduction velocity 
Innervate free nerve endings 
Predominantly polymodal nociceptors 
2 subgroups:
Peptide rich
Peptide poor
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39
Q

Define polymodal nociceptors

A

Nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities

40
Q

What are the 2 different types of axon that nociceptors have?

A

A delta fibre axon

C fibre axon

41
Q

A delta fibre axon

A

Myelinated and can allow action potential to travel at a rate of about 20 meters/second towards the CNS
Unconscious circuitry

42
Q

C fibre axons

A

More slowly conducting
Only conduct at speeds of around 2 meters/second
Light or non-myelination of the axon

43
Q

What are the two phases pain comes in?

A
  1. Fast-conducting A delta fibres

2. Polymodal C fibres

44
Q

What can the pain associated with A-delta fibre be associated with?

A

Initial extremely sharp pain

45
Q

What are peptidergic fibres?

A

Largest group of nociceptors and contain one or both of the neuropeptides substance P and CGRP

46
Q

What are TrkA?

A

High affinity receptor for NFG

47
Q

What are critical for the development of nociceptors ?

A

TrkA and NGF

48
Q

What allows the release into periphery?

A

Terminal region of C-fibre

49
Q

What can peptides cause?

A

Leakiness
Invasion of inflammatory cells
Release of inflammatory mediators
Neurogenic inflammation

50
Q

What can sensitize c-fibres even further?

A

Blood circulation
Protection of injury site
Sensitisation of that inflammation site

51
Q

What are the nonpeptidergic nociceptors defined by?

A

Expression of Ret

52
Q

Myelinated fibres

A

Have neurofilaments: heavy and light chain

Phosphorylated

53
Q

What are all C fibres dependent on?

A

Nerve growth factor

54
Q

What is the function of growth factor?

A

Responsible for the development of tissues in adults

55
Q

What are Neurotrophins?

A

Family of proteins that include the survival, development and function of neurons

56
Q

What are examples of neurotrophins?

A

Neurotrophin 3 (NT3)
BDNF
GDNF ligands

57
Q

What does tract-tracing reveal?

A

Correlation between neurochemistry and peripheral target type

58
Q

What does each class of axon have?

A

Specific lamina distribution of its central terminal

59
Q

Where does nociceptors stretch?

A

Upper more superficial laminae and at a laminae 1-2

60
Q

Where does pain fibres have input in?

A

Laminae 5

61
Q

What projects to different parts of Lamina II?

A

CGRP + IB4 C fibres

62
Q

What is found in the innermost of Lamina II?

A

Substantia gelatinosa

63
Q

What doesn’t Lamina 2 Contain and what are most cells in that region?

A

Doesn’t have much myelinated axons

Region: interneurons

64
Q

Where are peptidergic found?

A

Lower part of epidermis and associated with blood vessels in the dermis

65
Q

Where is CGRP found?

A

Stratium spinosum

66
Q

Where is IB4 found?

A

Stratium Granulosum

67
Q

What are examples of thermoreceptor molecule?

A

TRPV1

TRPA1

68
Q

What is an example of sensitive ion channel?

A

Piezo2

69
Q

What are examples of other receptors?

A 
Cytokines 
Cannabinoid
Bradykinin
Prostanoid
Serotonin 
Trophic factors 
Histamine 
Adrenergic 
Potassium 
Calcium 
Opioids
Glutamate/transporters
70
Q

What is the Merkel cell-neutrite?

A

Gentle touch receptor in the skin that mediated slowly-adapting responses of AB sensory fibres to encode find details of objects

71
Q

What is Piezo2?

A

Mechanically activated cation channel

Expressed in Merkel cells

72
Q

What physiological role does Piezo play?

A

Mechanosensation in mammals

73
Q

What does merkel cell display?

A

Touch-sensitive currents

74
Q

What does fibres have?

A

Mechanosensation abilities

75
Q

Cold sensation

A

TRPM8

76
Q

What is TRPA1?

A

Channel that opens when there is tissue damage and it is due to chemicals released

77
Q

What is TRPM8?

A

Open by menthol/cooling/mint

78
Q

TRPV1

A

Threshold is 47

Inflammatory pain

79
Q

TRPV2

A

Higher threshold stimulus which opens

80
Q

What happens if you knock out TRPV1 In inflamed tissue?

A

There is no hyperalgesia

81
Q

Damage to tissue

A

Increase in acidification of the tissue

82
Q

What can lipids do?

A

Sensitise the receptor to open more easily

83
Q

Where is TRPV1 found in rats?

A

CJP IB4

84
Q

What is Mrgd?

A

Largest population of the non-peptidergic cells

85
Q

What does Mrgd have?

A

P2X3/ VR1 receptors

86
Q

What is Mrgd involved in?

A

Noxious mechanosensation

87
Q

What is associated with itch?

A

Mrga

88
Q

What is Mrgb4?

A

Involved in C fibres that are not nociceptors

Involved in innocuous pleasurable touch

89
Q

What are 2 different fibres of C fibres?

A
  1. Non-peptidergic: goes into the higher peripheral parts of skin
  2. Peptide: found in lower level associated with blood vessels
90
Q

What is the protein encoded by Vglut?

A

Vesicle bound

Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter

91
Q

What is Vglut associated with?

A

Membranes of synaptic vesicles

Functions in Glutamate transport

92
Q

What expresses Vglut1?

A

Myelinated fibres

93
Q

What is Vglut1?

A

Myelinated fibres

94
Q

What is Vglut 2?

A

nociceptors (& CNS interneurons)

95
Q

What is Vglut3?

A

Subpopulation of C LTMs

96
Q

What detects innocuous mechanoreceptors?

A

C fibre - low threshold mechanoreceptors

97
Q

What is C-LTMRs?

A

Low threshold mechanoreceptors

Repair And Regeneration (16 decks)

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