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Repair And Regeneration > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Afferent?

A

Neurons that receive information from our sensory organs and transmit this input to the central nervous system

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2
Q

Define Efferent

A

Neurons that send impulse from central nervous system to your limbs and organs

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3
Q

Define peripheral afferent receptors

A

Stimulation of specialised receptor endings produces a receptor potential
Physical stimulus is then transfixed to electrical signal by activation of specific ion channels on the receptors

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4
Q

What does mechanoreceptors sense stimuli due to?

A

Physical deformation of their plasma membranes

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5
Q

What does mechanoreceptors Contain?

A 
Mechanically gated ion channels 
Gates open/close in response to pressure
Touch 
Stretching 
Sound
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6
Q

What are mechanoreceptors in the skin described as?

A

Encapsulated

Unencapsulated

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7
Q

What are free nerve endings sensitive to?

A

Painful stimuli
Hot and cold
Light touch

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8
Q

What are 4 primary tactile mechanoreceptors in human skin?

A

Merkel’s disk
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Ruffini endings
Pacinian Corpuscle

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9
Q

What are 2 types of mechanoreceptors?

A

Slowly-adapting

Rapidly-adapting

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10
Q

What is slow adapting nerve fibres?

A

Send information about ongoing stimulation

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11
Q

What is rapidly adapting nerve fibre?

A

Send information related to changing stimuli

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12
Q

What is epidermis?

A

The outermost later of skin
Provides a waterproof barrier
Creates skin tone

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13
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Beneath the epidermis
Contain tough connective tissue
Hair follicles, sweat glands

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14
Q

What are the properties of Merkel’s disk?

A

Location: upper layer of skin, base of epidermis
Distribution: fingertips and lips
Function: slowly adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings - respond to light touch
Receptive field: small, well defined borders - sensitive to edges - typing on keyboard

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15
Q

What are the propertied of Meissner’s Corpuscle?

A

Location: upper dermis - project to epidermis
Distribution: fingertips and eyelids
Function: respond to fine touch and pressure - low frequency vibration
Type: rapidly-adapting, fluid filled, encapsulated nerve endings with well defined border - responsive to fine detail

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16
Q

What are the properties of Ruffini endings?

A

Location: deeper in the dermis, near base - bulbous corpuscles
Distribution: glabrous and hairy skin
Function: slow-adapting, encapsulated mechanoreceptors - detect skin stretch and deformations within joints - gripping objects and controlling finger position and movements
Contribute to proprioception and kinaesthesia
Detect warmth

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17
Q

What are the properties of Pacinian Corpuscles ?

A

Location: deep in the dermis of both glabrous and hairy skin
Distribution: bone periosteum, joint capsules, pancreas and other viscera, breast and genitals
Function: rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors, sense deep, transient pressure - high frequency vibration

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18
Q

What does nerve consist of?

A

Sensory afferent axon

Motor efferent axon

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19
Q

What are nerve axons and their associated Schwann cells bound together by?

A

Connective tissue - endoneurium

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20
Q

What are fascicles enclosed in?

A

Connective tissue sheath called perineurium

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21
Q

What is the whole nerve enclosed in?

A

Tough coat —> epineurium

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22
Q

What does epineurium provide to the nerve?

A

Mechanical strength

Support

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23
Q

What is epineurium continuous with?

A

Dura Mater

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24
Q

What forms the outer and inner components of the perineurial sheath?

A

Arachnoid and Pia Mater

25
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid contribute to?

A

Endoneurial fluid via pial tissue space

26
Q

What are sensory nerve fibres?

A

Pseudo-unipolar

27
Q

What does pseudo-unipolar neuron consist of?

A

One axon with two branches: central and peripheral

28
Q

Why are sensory neurons an exception?

A

They do not have separate dendrites and an axonal process, rather one branched process that serves both function

29
Q

Where are the soma of each pseudo-unipolar neuron located within?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

30
Q

Where does the axon leave the cell body?

A

Into dorsal root where it splits into 2 branches

31
Q

Where does the central branch go to?

A

Dorsal column of the spinal cord where it forms synapses with other neurons

32
Q

Where does the peripheral branch travel through?

A

Distal dorsal root into the spinal nerve all the way until skin, joint and muscle

33
Q

What can medium-sized DRG neurons give rise to and what can it innervate?

A

Myelinated axons
Innervate skin or muscle structures
Muscle structures: Golgi tendon organ or muscle spindles

34
Q

What does peripheral processes of some DRG cells release?

A

Vasoactive mediators

35
Q

What does the cell body located in the dorsal root Ganglia mediate?

A

Touch and conscious proprioception

36
Q

What does cell body size of DRG correlate with?

A

Axon diameter
Degree of myelination
Conduction velocity
Action potential shape

37
Q

What does large sensory cells give rise to?

A

Myelinated axons

38
Q

What does small sensory cells give rise to?

A

Unmyelinated axons

39
Q

For cells that are clearly large what is the conduction velocity?

A

Greater than 2.5 m/s

40
Q

For cells that are clearly small, what is the conduction velocity?

A

Less than 2.5 m/s

41
Q

What are the two populations of DRG neurons which can be distinguished based on their cytoplasmic appearance?

A

Small dark neurons

Large light neurons

42
Q

What is white matter?

A

Surrounds grey matter

Contain myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres

43
Q

Where do the white matter fibres conduction information?

A

Up or down the cord

44
Q

What is white matter divided into?

A

Dorsal (posterior) column
Lateral column
Central column

45
Q

Where do A fibre axons ascend to?

A

Dorsal column nuclei (DCN)

46
Q

Where does C-fibres run in?

A

Lissauer’s tract and ascend 1-2 segments within cord

47
Q

What are the 4 different regions the spinal cord is divided into?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral regions
48
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord that can be visualised?

A
  1. Cervical enlargement (C3-T1)

2. Lumbar enlargement (L1 to S2)

49
Q

How many segments are the spinal cord divided into?

A

31 segments

31 pairs of nerves

50
Q

What are the nerves divided into?

A 
8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
1 coccygeal
51
Q

What is the function of afferents?

A

Pain (ad)

Touch (ab)

52
Q

What is lamina pattern?

A

Modality specific

53
Q

What are 3 types of spinal cord neurons?

A

Projections
Motoneurons
Interneurons

54
Q

What is spinothalamic tract split into?

A

Lateral spinothalamic: transmit pain and temperature sensation to thalamus
Anterior spinothalamic: transmit pressure and crude touch sensation to the thalamus

55
Q

Schwann cells

A

1:1 axon ratio

PNS myelination

56
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

1:many

CNS myelination

57
Q

Astrocytes

A

Homeostasis

58
Q

Microglia

A

Immune surveillance

59
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Point-for-point correspondence of an area of body to a specific point on CNS

Repair And Regeneration (16 decks)

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