WEEK 6 Flashcards
Standardised assessments
The process of taking an assessment and developing a fixed protocol for administration and scoring
Standardized assessments provide for measurement against a criterion or a norm and can be divided into 2 main types: norm-referenced and criterion referenced tests
Norm referenced
Norm referenced standardized assessment is used to find out how a person performs in relation to a reference group or a normative sample. - Raw score is referenced against the norms to provide meaning
Criterion referenced
Criterion referenced tests examine performance against a pre-determined criteria and produces raw scores that have direct meaning – not compared to the ability of others.
Individual score or behavior is the unit of measurement, and this is compared to a previously established criterion rather than to the performance of others.
Reasons to choose standardised assessments?
To get a better baseline before initiating interventions
To get more reliable results
To be able to evaluate the outcome of the intervention
Reasons to choose non-standardised assessments?
Lack of competence/time/access
No workplace tradition
Tests do not provide answers to what we want to know
Do not want to expose clients to testing (anxiety provoking)
what does N stand for?
N = whole sample
what does n stand for?
n= subsample (e.g. male and female participants)
Median
The middle value when the values are ordered from lowest to highest
Normal distribution curve
standard deviation is the measure of the amount of variation is a set of values relative to the mean
Inter-quartile range
The spread of the middle half of the data set
Q1
Median of the lower half of the data set
Q3
Median of upper half of data
Inferential statistics
A decision making process whereby we can estimate unknow characteristics from the data from our sample (e.g. to interpret our data, such a identifying differences between groups)
Sampling Bias
Occurs when participants included in the sample are not representative of certain population characteristics
Allocation bias
Might be a systematic difference in how participants are located to the interversion or control group
Measurement bias
If a variable is not measured correctly - therefore need to have valid and reliable measurement tools
Intervention bias
Occurs when there are systematic differences in how an intervention was conducted between groups
Reliability
The extent to which a measurement is consistent and free from error
- Does the assessment give the same results each time?
Validity
Ensuring that a test is measuring what it intends to measure
Inter-rater reliability
Agreement between different therapists or raters
Intra-rater reliability
Measure of variation by the same rater at different times
Clinical utility
The feasibility of using measurement tools in clinical practice - its overall usefulness in a clinical situation
Dementia
Dementia is a clinical syndrome caused by neuro-degeneration. It is typically diagnosed when acquired cognitive impairment has become severe enough to compromise social and/or occupational functioning functions or daily activities
Dementia is a clinical syndrome caused by neuro-degeneration. It is typically diagnosed when acquired cognitive impairment has become severe enough to compromise social and/or occupational functioning
Delirium
An acute disturbance of attention and awareness (reduced orientation to the environment) seen relatively commonly in elderly people
Often there will be a medical cause e.g. urinary tract infection, withdrawal, from medication, infection, exposed to a toxin
Depression
Serious mental disorder the negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
Depression causes feelings of sadness, helplessness, worthlessness and a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
DSM - key cognitive domains
- Perceptual-motor function
- Language
- learning and memory
- Social cognition
- Complex attention
- Executive function
Dementia and OT
Assessment
- Screening tools – descriptive purpose (standardized assessment that help us to see if someone might have the possibility of dementia)
- Functional assessment
Intervention
- Activity-based therapy – engaging individuals with dementia in meaningful activities helps maintain their skills and provides a sense of purpose
- Assistive technology/equipment’s/aids - adapt/modify
- Environmental modifications
- Caregiver education and support
- Validation therapy
