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HSC2008 Pathology & Pharmacology > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

AML

A

acute myeloid leukemia

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2
Q

AML

A

heterogenous clonal stem cell malignancy where immature hematopoietic cells proliferate uncontrollably

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3
Q

AML results in __

A

inhibited hematopoiesis seen in neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia

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4
Q

AML FAB subtype

A

M0 -7

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5
Q

most common risk factor for AML

A

radiation

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6
Q

what genetic disorder causes AML

A

down syndrome

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7
Q

prognositc indicators of AML

A

age, cytogenetics, molecular genetics

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8
Q

AML chemotherapy

A

idarubicin
daunorubicin
cytarabine
consolidation with HIDAC

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9
Q

targeted therapy AML

A

FLT3 inhibitor
CD33 inhibitor

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10
Q

Acute promyelocytic Leukemia have balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosome __

A

15 & 17

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11
Q

Acute promyelocytic Leukemia is sensitive to __

A

ATRA, anthracyclines, arsenic trioxide

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12
Q

Acute promyelocytic Leukemia complicated by __

A

life threatening coagulopathy

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13
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A

lymphoid line of blood cell cancers; development of large number of immature lymphocytes

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14
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia arises from __

A

lymphoid progenitor cell sustaining significant multiple genetic damage

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15
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia chemotherapy

A

multiagent chemotherapy
- induction
- consolidation-intensification
- maintenance

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16
Q

Chronic myeloid leukemia

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell neoplasm

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17
Q

Chronic myeloid leukemia characterized by __

A

BCR-ABL1 fusion gene from balanced translocation between long arms of chromosome 9 & 22

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18
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia present with __

A

lymphocytosis

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19
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia present with symptoms such as __

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • splenomegaly
  • anemia
  • fatigue
  • recurring infections
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20
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia diagnosis is confirmed by clonality of __

A

circulating B lymphocytes confirmed by flow cytometry

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21
Q

GVHD

A

graft versus host disease

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22
Q

GVHD treatment

A
  • steroids
  • MMF/Cellcept
  • tacrolimus/cyclosporin
  • infliximab
  • extracorporeal photopheresis
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23
Q

GVHD occurs after

A

100 days

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24
Q

areas affected by GVHD

A

skin, mouth, liver, eyes, lungs, gut, joints

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25
Q

lymph nodes at cervical region

A

posterior, cervical, pre-auricular, upper cervical, median/lower cervical, supraclavicular

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26
Q

lymph nodes at axillary region

A

axillary

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27
Q

lymph nodes at epitrochlear

A

epitrochlear

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28
Q

lymph nodes at mediastinal

A

paratracheal, mediastinal, hilar, retrocrural

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29
Q

lymph nodes at para-aortic

A

para-aortic, common iliac, external iliac

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30
Q

lymph nodes at inguinal

A

inguinal, femoral

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31
Q

lymph nodes at popliteal

A

popliteal

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32
Q

lymph nodes at mesenteric

A

celiac, splenic hilar, portal, mesenteric

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33
Q

common lymphoma symptoms

A

lumps, fatigue, loss of appetite & weight, fever, night sweats

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34
Q

diagnostic work-up & staging of lymphomas

A

biopsy, imaging, BM aspirate & trephine

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35
Q

BM

A

bone marrow

36
Q

diffuse large B cell lymphoma biological prognostic markers

A

cell of origin, double-hit, molecular subtype

37
Q

CAR

A

chimeric antigen receptor

38
Q

immunotherapy management consists of

A

monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapy, immunostimulants, CAR

39
Q

treatment concept

A

disease factor, patient factor, drug efficacy/toxicity

40
Q

autologous stem cell transplant

A
  1. collection
  2. processing
  3. cryopreservation
  4. chemotherapy
  5. infusion
41
Q

CAR T cell therapy

A
  1. leukapheresis
  2. t-cell activation/transduction
  3. modified T cell expansion
  4. chemotherapy
  5. modified T cell infusion
42
Q

myoblast forms __

A

granulocytes = eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

43
Q

how to differentiate types of cancer

A

flow cytometry analysis

44
Q

leukostasis causes ___

A

high blast count > hyperviscosity > decreased tissue perfusion

45
Q

leukostasis affects what systems?

A

CV, pulmonary, GI, CNS

46
Q

precursor lymphoid neoplasms are __

A

B & T lymphoblastic leukemia

47
Q

ALL uses multiagent chemotherapy which causes __

A
  • induction
  • consolidation-intensification
  • maintenance
48
Q

what is philadelphia chromosome

A

reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 & 22 to create BCR-ABL fusion gene; specific to CML cells

49
Q

diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is done via ___

A

peripheral blood

50
Q

stem cell transplant process

A

preparation > conditioning > stem cell transfusion > engraftment

51
Q

B cell development process starts & ends from

A

v-region gene recombination > clonal expansion > somatic hypermutation > selection > close switching > differentiation

52
Q

areas inside lymph node

A

geminal centre, mantle zone, marginal zone

53
Q

hodgkin’s lymphoma is what type

A

precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia

54
Q

low grade lymphomas

A

slow growing and remains dormant

55
Q

high grade lymphomas

A

rapidly growing & aggressive

56
Q

high grade lymphomas mainly target

A

brain, eye, spinal cord, intestines

57
Q

rare place of lymphoma development

A

brain, eye, skin

58
Q

burkitt lymphoma

A

translocation between chromosome 8 with 14

59
Q

staging of non-hodgkin lymphoma is done via __

A

ann arbor staging

60
Q

ann arbor stages are __

A

stage 1 = single region
stage 2 = 2 or more regions
stage 3 = > 2 regions above & below diaphragm
stage 4 = widespread

61
Q

diffuse large B cell lymphoma prognostic factors

A

age, perfusion status, LDH, extranodal site, staging

62
Q

diffuse large B cell lymphoma biological prognostic markers

A

cell of origin, double hit translocation, molecular subtypes

63
Q

Erythrocyte stimulated by

A

EPO from kidney in response to tissue hypoxia

64
Q

lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

65
Q

types of leukocytes

A

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes

66
Q

most common leukocytes

A

neutrophils

67
Q

leukemias derived from __

A

immature lymphocytes

68
Q

lymphomas derived from __

A

mature lymphocytes

69
Q

acute vs chronic leukemia

A

Abrupt onset with marked sign (persistent infection and excessive bleeding) & symptoms vs. insidious onset with mild signs & better prognosis

70
Q

what diseases causes congestion & enlargment of lymphoid tissue

A

lymphacenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

71
Q

antacids

A

alkalize urine to prevent uric acid stone formation

72
Q

hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by __

A

large abnormal B cells

73
Q

hodgkin lymphoma peaks at which stages of life

A

20 - 30s
60 -70s

74
Q

hodgkin lymphomas commonly affect ___ lymph nodes

A

cervical, axillary, inguinal, retroperitoneal

75
Q

haemophilia A is due to abnormal ___

A

clotting factor VIII

76
Q

haemophilia B is due to abnormal ___

A

clotting factor IX

77
Q

haemophilia C is due to abnormal ___

A

clotting factor XI

78
Q

Diagnostic test for Haemophilia A include

A

PTT, APTT & coagulation time prolonged

low serum levels of specific clotting factor based on hemophilia type

79
Q

haemopphilia A treatment

A

o Desmopressin (DDAVP)
o Replacement therapy for Factor VIII
o Recombinant DNA product (Advate)
o Nplate

80
Q

desmopressin is used to __

A

raise clotting factor levels

81
Q

Nplate is used to stimulate __

A

platelet production in bone marrow

82
Q

multiple myeloma management includes ___

A

curative using bone marrow transplant

symptoms using CRAB relief

83
Q

CRAB relief stands for __

A

calcium, renal failure, anemia, bone lesions

84
Q

most critical test for multiple myeloma is __

A

bone marrow biopsy

85
Q

serum protein electrophoresis is used to look for __

A

IgG M protein

86
Q

urine protein electrophoresis is used to look for __

A

bence-jones protein

87
Q

evidences of end-organ damage include

A

hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anaemia, bone lesions

HSC2008 Pathology & Pharmacology (14 decks)

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