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HSC2008 Pathology & Pharmacology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacology

A

how drug affects body & body’s response to drug

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2
Q

pharmadynamics

A

what drugs does to body

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3
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what body does to drug

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4
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

how genetics influence drug response

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5
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

drug choices for treatment / prevention

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6
Q

toxicology

A

body’s response to harmful effects of drugs

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7
Q

binding types

A

agonists, competitive & non-competitive antagonists, allosteric activator

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8
Q

agonists

A

activates receptor for effect

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9
Q

competitive antagonist

A

competes with agonists to bind to receptor binding site

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10
Q

non-competitive antagonist

A

binds to other receptor site that affects main binding site

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11
Q

allosteric activator

A

binds to other receptor site that enhances main receptor binding site

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12
Q

principles of pharmacokinetics

A

MADE = metabolism, absorption, distribution, excretion

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13
Q

metabolism

A

drug transformation of drug into hydrophilic form for kidney elimination

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14
Q

where does metabolism mainly occur

A

liver

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15
Q

enzymatic phases of metabolism

A

phase 1 = functionalization / catabolism
phase 2 = conjugation / anabolism

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16
Q

what does functionalization mainly involve

A

cytochrome P450 group of enzymes

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17
Q

CYP enzymes are ___ - containing enzymes

A

heme

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18
Q

most common CYP

A

CYP 3A4

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19
Q

alcohol is metabolized by __

A

CYP 2E1

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20
Q

CYP inducer example

A

rifampicin

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21
Q

CYP inhibitor example

A

fluconazole

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22
Q

CYP substrate example

A

warfarin

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23
Q

what does conjugation involve

A

adds molecule to increase hydrophilicity via
- methylation
- acetylation
- glucuronidation
- sulphation

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24
Q

absorption

A

% of drug that remains unchanged entering systemic circulation via plasma administration

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25
Q

why is oral administration not 100%

A

incomplete absorption across gutwall / first-pass elimination by liver

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26
Q

oral administration is mainly absorbed in __

A

ileum

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27
Q

absorption modes

A
  • facilitated passive diffusion
  • active transport
  • passive diffusion
28
Q

distribution

A

amount of drug in relation to concentration in plasma/body

29
Q

Vd formula

A

amount of drug in body / plasma concentration

30
Q

high Vd =

A

exceeds bodyweight

31
Q

low Vd =

A

value close to blood volume (5L)

32
Q

Can Vd exceed physical volume of body

A

yes

33
Q

major compartments of distribution

A
  • plasma (5%)
  • interstitial fluid (16%)
  • intracellular fluid (35%)
  • transcellular fluid (2%)
  • fat (20%)
34
Q

lipid insoluble drugs mainly confined to __

A

plasma & interstitial fluid

35
Q

excretion

A

drug eliminated from kidneys into urine

36
Q

if patient have defective kidneys, how should you change your drugs

A

reduce dose / switch to alternative agents

37
Q

main excretory routes are __

A

kidneys, hepatobillary, lungs

38
Q

clearance is fundamental ___ parameter for drug elimination

A

pharmacokinetic

39
Q

what factors are involved in dose planning

A

concentration, intervals, route of administration

40
Q

what does dose planning determine

A

therapeutic index for safe drug testing

41
Q

when is monitoring needed

A

for narrow therapeutic index drugs

42
Q

half-life

A

time for drug concentration reduced by 1/2

43
Q

decreased T1/2 = increased ___

A

drug clearance & dosing intervals

44
Q

an ideal therapeutic dose has __ efficacy, ___ toxicity

A

high; low

45
Q

where is the therapeutic index

A

between ED50 & TD50

46
Q

ED50

A

median effective dose

47
Q

TD50

A

median toxic dose

48
Q

what causes drug response variations

A
  • different drug concentration reaching receptor site
  • different endogenous receptor ligand concentration
  • altered receptor function
  • changes in downstream response to receptor binding
49
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

sudden desensitization to drug

50
Q

adverse drug effects

A

hypersensitivity, idiosyncratic, iatrogenic, teratogenic

51
Q

hypersensitivity

A

allergies

52
Q

idiosyncratic

A

unusual response to drug

53
Q

iatrogenic

A

negative effect of drug

54
Q

teratogenic

A

harmful to fetus

55
Q

drug interactions

A

ASAP
additive, synergistic, antagonist, potentiation

56
Q

drug administration methods

A

instillation
inhaler
sublingual
transdermal
suppository
topical
subcutaneous
intravenous
intramuscular

57
Q

instillation occurs at

A

ophthalmic (eyes), ears, intranasal

58
Q

where does intramuscular injection occur at

A

deltoid, vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus

59
Q

most rapid onset of drug administration

A

intravenous

60
Q

parenteral

A

any drug administration which involves using a needle

61
Q

parenteral examples

A

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraosseous, epidural, intradermal

62
Q

what CYP is important for clopidogrel

A

CYP2C19

63
Q

variants of CYP 2C19

A

*1 = normal
*2 - *8 = no / reduced enzyme
*17 = increased activity

64
Q

why are some medications taken after food

A

increases bioavailability & pH adjusted when digesting food

65
Q

a drug with a low Vd tends to remain in ___

A

plasma

66
Q

a drug with high Vd means __

A

more distribution to other tissues

HSC2008 Pathology & Pharmacology (14 decks)

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