Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSC2008 Pathology & Pharmacology > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

angina pain can be felt from __

A

ear lobe to epigastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

coronary flow reserve assessed using __

A

Glagov’s coronary remodeling hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does stress test assess coronary flow reserve

A

exercise > increased HR & BP > hyperaemic response > augmented coronary flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens during sub total occlusion of acute coronary syndrome

A

sub-total occlusion > sub-endocardial ischaemia > sub-endocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens during total occlusion of acute coronary syndrome

A

total occlusion > transmural ischaemia > transmural infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does ST elevation mean

A

transmural ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does ST depression mean

A

subendocardial ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does non-Q wave mean

A

subendocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does Q wave mean

A

transmural infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are pharmacological interventions for acute coronary syndrome

A

anti-thrombotics
statins
beta-blockers
ACE-I/ARB
revascularization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does MPI mean

A

myocardial perfusion imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are the rhythmic contractile myocardial cells found

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BP formula

A

cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

systolic BP measured during __

A

ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diastolic BP measured during __

A

relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

preload is recorded __

A

volume at end diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

afterload is recorded __

A

force needed for ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

key arteries of the heart are __

A
  • left anterior descending artery
  • left circumflex artery
  • right coronary artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

types of acute coronary syndrome

A

unstable angina = ischemia without infarction
NSTEMI = sub-endocardial infarction
STEMI = full-thickness infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the findings of aortic stenosis

A

murmurs, reduced valve area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the findings of mitral regurgitation

A

murmurs, left atrial enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how to manage aortic stenosis

A

valve replacement
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how to manage mitral regurgitation

A

repair
mitraclip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are vasodilators used for

A

reduce pre/after load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are beta blockers used for

A

lower HR & BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are Ca2+ channel blockers used for

A

angina & hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are diuretics used for

A

increase urine output, reduce edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are ACE inhibitors

A

decrease BP & afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are statins

A

lowers LDL & cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the different diagnositcs used

A

ECG
stress test
imaging
blood tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are ECGs used to detect

A

arrhythmias, ischemia, infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are stress tests used to evaluate

A

coronary flow reserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the different imaging methods

A

x-rays for cardiac size, echocardiogram, angiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what blood tests are used for heart

A

troponins, lipid profiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis / plaque build up leading to ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is angina

A

recurrent chest pain due to oxygen deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

ischemia causing muscle necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

symptoms of heart failure

A

dyspnea
edema
fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how many classifications of NYHA are there

A

stages I - IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

treatments for heart failure

A

diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, digoxin

41
Q

types of arrhythymias

A

sinus, atrial, ventricular

42
Q

management of arrhythymias

A

ECG monitoring, anti-arrhythmic drugs, pacemakers, defibrillation

43
Q

when is BP considered hypertension

A

> 140/90

44
Q

how to manage hypertension

A

lifestyle changes, antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers)

45
Q

what leads look at inferior wall of the left ventricle

A

Lead II, III, aVF

46
Q

what leads look at high lateral wall of the left ventricle

A

aVL, Lead I

47
Q

what leads look at anterior wall of left ventricle

A

V1 - 6

48
Q

x-ray indications of heart failure

A

perihilar congestion
upper zone venous congestion
Kerley B lines
cardiomegaly
pleural effusion

49
Q

different modes used on echocardiography

A

2D echo, M-mode Echo, Colour Flow Doppler, Spectral Doppler

50
Q

what parts of the heart are involved in ICDs

A

RA, RV, LV

51
Q

HF is a syndrome characterized by

A
  • elevated cardiac filling pressure
  • inadequate peripheral o2 delivery due to dysfunction
52
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid accumulation in lungs

53
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid accumulation around lungs

54
Q

what does parasternal short axis view assess

A

RV & LV

55
Q

how is LV ICD implanted

A

through coronary sinus vein

56
Q

secondary management of HF includes

A
  • less water intake
  • less salt intake
  • exercise
57
Q

what is electrical flow of the heart

A

sinoatrial node > atrioventricular node & Bachmann’s bundle > right & left bundle branch

58
Q

when is atrial fibrillation considered paroxymal

A

< 48 hrs

59
Q

AF management involves

A

rate control, rhythm control, prevent thromboembolism

60
Q

which drug is the most effective for rate control

A

beta blockers

61
Q

why should digoxin be reserved for those with systolic HF

A

poor rate control during exertion

62
Q

AV nodal blocking drugs can be used to control __

A

ventricular response

63
Q

what is the most effective anti-arrhythmic drug but is highly toxic and reserved as last resort

A

amiodarone

64
Q

patients taking amiodarone should be monitored for __

A

thyroid, hepatic & pulmonary toxicity

65
Q

bradycardia causes

A

permanent structural damage to bundle branches

66
Q

bradycardia associated with

A

extensive anterior myocardial infarction / sclerodegenerative conduction disease

67
Q

site of conduction block is __

A

below His Bundle

68
Q

AVNRT

A

atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia

69
Q

what is AVNRT very responsive to __

A

AV nodal blocking agents such as beta blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers, adenosine

70
Q

what forms the 4 heart valves

A

endocardium

71
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped from the ventricle in one contraction

72
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected by the heart in 1 minute

73
Q

cardiac reserve

A

ability of heart to increase cardiac output in response to increased demand

74
Q

preload

A

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (ventricle at largest volume)

75
Q

issues related with increased preload

A

hypervolemia, HF, regurgitation

76
Q

issues related with increased afterload

A

hypertension, vasoconstriction

77
Q

what are the 3 layers of arteries & veins

A

inner to outer
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica externa/adventitia

78
Q

what triggers vasodilation

A

acidosis, hypoxia release of histamine, increased temperature

79
Q

what acts as beta1-adrenergic receptors in heart to increase HR & contractility

A

Sympathetic Nervous System & epinephrine

80
Q

what stimulates alpha1-receptors in arterioles

A

SNS, epineprhine, norepinephrine

81
Q

atherosclerosis characterized by

A

persistent inflammation, platelet aggregation, enlarging thrombus formation

82
Q

atheroma in coronary arteries lead to __

A

angina / myocardial infarction

83
Q

ahteroma in carotid arteries lead to __

A

transient ischemic attack / cerebral vascular accidents

84
Q

myocardial fiber in necrotic area is replaced by __

A

non-functional fibrous tissue after 7 days

85
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid HR

86
Q

bradycardia

A

low HR

87
Q

sick sinus syndrome

A

alternating bradycardia & tachycardia

88
Q

atrial flutter

A

atrial rate 160 - 350 bpm

89
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

atrial rate > 350 bpm

90
Q

what is effect of cardiac arrhythmias

A

reduces cardiac pumping efficiency

91
Q

anti-arrhythmic drugs

A

beta1-adrenergic blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers, digoxin

92
Q

AV node abnormalities

A

1st, 2nd, 3rd heart blocks

93
Q

ventricular conduction abnormalities

A
  • premature ventricular contractions
  • bundle branch block
  • ventricular tachycardia
  • ventricular fibrillation
94
Q

Ca2+ antagonist end with

A

-pine

95
Q

ACE inhibitors end with

A

-pril

96
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers end with

A

-sartan

97
Q

beta-blockers end with

A

-lol

98
Q

what is not recommended combination between blockers

A

angiotensin receptor blockers & ACE inhibitors

99
Q

digoxin is what type of cardiac med

A

cardiac glycoside

HSC2008 Pathology & Pharmacology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions