Week 6

Question 1

Where is the thyroid?

Answer 1

In front of the trachea

Question 2

What is the thyroid made up of?

Answer 2

Follicles

Question 3

What are T3 and T4?

Answer 3

They are hormones made by the thyroid

Question 4

What part of the brain controls the thyroid?

Answer 4

Hypothalamus

Question 5

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

Where the thyroid produces low levels of thyroid hormones

Question 6

What is primary hypothyroidism caused by?

Answer 6

Autoimmune thyroiditis, exposure to radiation or surgical removal of the thyroid, postpartum thyroidism

Question 7

What is secondary hypothyroidism caused by?

Answer 7

Pituitary disease, hypothalamic hypothyroidism

Question 8

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

Answer 8

When we develop antibodies against the thyroid gland, causing its destruction

Question 9

What are some signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 9

Dry coarse hair, loss of eyebrow hair, puffy face, enlarged thyroid, slow heartbeat and weight gain

Question 10

What do we look for in a blood test when diagnosing primary hypothyroidism?

Answer 10

TSH is elevated and low T4

Question 11

What does TSH stand for?

Answer 11

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 12

What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?

Answer 12

Replace the thyroid hormones in order to restore normal concentrations

Question 13

What is a medication given for hypothyroidism?

Answer 13

Levothyroxine

Question 14

What are some contra-indications for T3 hormone?

Answer 14

Go low and slow with older people, do not give to children, and use caution when giving to diabetics and people with cardiovascular disorders

Question 15

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 15

It is the excess of thyroid hormones

Question 16

What are some causes of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 16

Grave’s Disease, TSH-secreting pituitary tumour, Plummer’s disease and thyroiditis

Question 17

What is a TSH-secreting pituitary tumour?

Answer 17

It is a tumour that stimulates thyroid to keep producing T3 and T4 regardless of already high circulating levels

Question 18

What is a TSH-secreting pituitary tumour?

Answer 18

It is a tumour that stimulates the thyroid to keep producing T3 and T4 regardless of already high circulating levels

Question 19

What are some signs of symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 19

Hair loss, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid, sweating, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, frequent bowl movements

Question 20

What are some signs of symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

Hair loss, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid, sweating, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, frequent bowel movements

Question 21

What is the classic triad in graves disease?

Answer 21

Exophthalmos, thyroid dermopathy, acropachy

Question 22

What is acropachy?

Answer 22

Clubbing of fingers and toes

Question 23

What is thyroid dermopathy?

Answer 23

Swelling and lumpiness under skin normally on shins

Question 24

What is exophthalmos?

Answer 24

Bulging eyes

Question 25

What are treatment options for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 25

Stop the extra hormones with medication, surgery, radioactive iodine,

Question 26

What are some cautions for PTU?

Answer 26

Don't give to children, good for pregnancy, watch for sore mouth and use caution in people with liver disease

Question 27

What does PTU stand for?

Answer 27

Propylthiauracil

Question 28

What is Propylthiouracil?

Answer 28

Medication that is given to treat hyperthyroidism

Question 29

What is a major therapy used to manage type 1 DM?

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

How must insulin be administered?

Answer 30

Injection

Question 31

Why must insulin be injected?

Answer 31

It is not bioavailable?

Question 32

What is the most common approach to insulin in T1DM?

Answer 32

Basal-bolus regime

Question 33

What is BASAL insulin?

Answer 33

A long-acting insulin that acts in the background and is injected once daily independent of carbohydrate intake

Question 34

What is BOLUS insulin?

Answer 34

A short-acting insulin given before each meal

Question 35

What is the mechanism of action for insulin?

Answer 35

Mimics the effects of endogenous insulin

Question 36

What drug is a Biguanides?

Answer 36

Metformin

Question 37

What is the mechanism of action for metformin/biguanides?

Answer 37

It reduces the intestinal absorption of carbs and increases the insulin sensitivity to increase the glucose uptake into peripheral tissues

Question 38

What are some side effects of metformin/biguanides?

Answer 38

Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea

Question 39

What drugs start with gil...?

Answer 39

Sulfonylureas

Question 40

What is sulfonylureas' mechanism of action?

Answer 40

Increase pancreatic insulin secretion

Question 41

What drugs end in -gliptin?

Answer 41

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Question 42

What is the mechanism of action for Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors?

Answer 42

They inhibit DPP-4 to increase in incretins which increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion

Question 43

What drugs end in -gliflozin?

Answer 43

sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor?

Question 44

What is the mechanism of action for SGLT2?

Answer 44

It prevents the resorption of glucose excretion

Question 45

What are the side effects of SGLT2?

Answer 45

Polyuria and genital infection

Question 46

What drug class ends in -tide?

Answer 46

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)?

Question 47

What is the mechanism of action for GLP-1?

Answer 47

Mimics the effect of GLP-1 to increase the glucose-dependent insulin secretions