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CSB601 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the thyroid?

A

In front of the trachea

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2
Q

What is the thyroid made up of?

A

Follicles

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3
Q

What are T3 and T4?

A

They are hormones made by the thyroid

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4
Q

What part of the brain controls the thyroid?

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Where the thyroid produces low levels of thyroid hormones

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6
Q

What is primary hypothyroidism caused by?

A

Autoimmune thyroiditis, exposure to radiation or surgical removal of the thyroid, postpartum thyroidism

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7
Q

What is secondary hypothyroidism caused by?

A

Pituitary disease, hypothalamic hypothyroidism

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8
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

A

When we develop antibodies against the thyroid gland, causing its destruction

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9
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Dry coarse hair, loss of eyebrow hair, puffy face, enlarged thyroid, slow heartbeat and weight gain

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10
Q

What do we look for in a blood test when diagnosing primary hypothyroidism?

A

TSH is elevated and low T4

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11
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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12
Q

What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

Replace the thyroid hormones in order to restore normal concentrations

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13
Q

What is a medication given for hypothyroidism?

A

Levothyroxine

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14
Q

What are some contra-indications for T3 hormone?

A

Go low and slow with older people, do not give to children, and use caution when giving to diabetics and people with cardiovascular disorders

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15
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

It is the excess of thyroid hormones

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16
Q

What are some causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s Disease, TSH-secreting pituitary tumour, Plummer’s disease and thyroiditis

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17
Q

What is a TSH-secreting pituitary tumour?

A

It is a tumour that stimulates thyroid to keep producing T3 and T4 regardless of already high circulating levels

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18
Q

What is a TSH-secreting pituitary tumour?

A

It is a tumour that stimulates the thyroid to keep producing T3 and T4 regardless of already high circulating levels

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19
Q

What are some signs of symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Hair loss, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid, sweating, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, frequent bowl movements

20
Q

What are some signs of symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Hair loss, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid, sweating, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, frequent bowel movements

21
Q

What is the classic triad in graves disease?

A

Exophthalmos, thyroid dermopathy, acropachy

22
Q

What is acropachy?

A

Clubbing of fingers and toes

23
Q

What is thyroid dermopathy?

A

Swelling and lumpiness under skin normally on shins

24
Q

What is exophthalmos?

A

Bulging eyes

25
Q

What are treatment options for hyperthyroidism?

A

Stop the extra hormones with medication, surgery, radioactive iodine,

26
Q

What are some cautions for PTU?

A

Don’t give to children, good for pregnancy, watch for sore mouth and use caution in people with liver disease

27
Q

What does PTU stand for?

A

Propylthiauracil

28
Q

What is Propylthiouracil?

A

Medication that is given to treat hyperthyroidism

29
Q

What is a major therapy used to manage type 1 DM?

A

Insulin

30
Q

How must insulin be administered?

A

Injection

31
Q

Why must insulin be injected?

A

It is not bioavailable?

32
Q

What is the most common approach to insulin in T1DM?

A

Basal-bolus regime

33
Q

What is BASAL insulin?

A

A long-acting insulin that acts in the background and is injected once daily independent of carbohydrate intake

34
Q

What is BOLUS insulin?

A

A short-acting insulin given before each meal

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action for insulin?

A

Mimics the effects of endogenous insulin

36
Q

What drug is a Biguanides?

A

Metformin

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action for metformin/biguanides?

A

It reduces the intestinal absorption of carbs and increases the insulin sensitivity to increase the glucose uptake into peripheral tissues

38
Q

What are some side effects of metformin/biguanides?

A

Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea

39
Q

What drugs start with gil…?

A

Sulfonylureas

40
Q

What is sulfonylureas’ mechanism of action?

A

Increase pancreatic insulin secretion

41
Q

What drugs end in -gliptin?

A

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

42
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors?

A

They inhibit DPP-4 to increase in incretins which increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion

43
Q

What drugs end in -gliflozin?

A

sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor?

44
Q

What is the mechanism of action for SGLT2?

A

It prevents the resorption of glucose excretion

45
Q

What are the side effects of SGLT2?

A

Polyuria and genital infection

46
Q

What drug class ends in -tide?

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)?

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action for GLP-1?

A

Mimics the effect of GLP-1 to increase the glucose-dependent insulin secretions

CSB601 (10 decks)

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