Week 6 Flashcards
Where is the thyroid?
In front of the trachea
What is the thyroid made up of?
Follicles
What are T3 and T4?
They are hormones made by the thyroid
What part of the brain controls the thyroid?
Hypothalamus
What is hypothyroidism?
Where the thyroid produces low levels of thyroid hormones
What is primary hypothyroidism caused by?
Autoimmune thyroiditis, exposure to radiation or surgical removal of the thyroid, postpartum thyroidism
What is secondary hypothyroidism caused by?
Pituitary disease, hypothalamic hypothyroidism
What is Hashimoto’s disease?
When we develop antibodies against the thyroid gland, causing its destruction
What are some signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Dry coarse hair, loss of eyebrow hair, puffy face, enlarged thyroid, slow heartbeat and weight gain
What do we look for in a blood test when diagnosing primary hypothyroidism?
TSH is elevated and low T4
What does TSH stand for?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?
Replace the thyroid hormones in order to restore normal concentrations
What is a medication given for hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine
What are some contra-indications for T3 hormone?
Go low and slow with older people, do not give to children, and use caution when giving to diabetics and people with cardiovascular disorders
What is hyperthyroidism?
It is the excess of thyroid hormones
What are some causes of hyperthyroidism?
Grave’s Disease, TSH-secreting pituitary tumour, Plummer’s disease and thyroiditis
What is a TSH-secreting pituitary tumour?
It is a tumour that stimulates thyroid to keep producing T3 and T4 regardless of already high circulating levels
What is a TSH-secreting pituitary tumour?
It is a tumour that stimulates the thyroid to keep producing T3 and T4 regardless of already high circulating levels
What are some signs of symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Hair loss, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid, sweating, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, frequent bowl movements
What are some signs of symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Hair loss, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid, sweating, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, frequent bowel movements
What is the classic triad in graves disease?
Exophthalmos, thyroid dermopathy, acropachy
What is acropachy?
Clubbing of fingers and toes
What is thyroid dermopathy?
Swelling and lumpiness under skin normally on shins
What is exophthalmos?
Bulging eyes
What are treatment options for hyperthyroidism?
Stop the extra hormones with medication, surgery, radioactive iodine,
What are some cautions for PTU?
Don’t give to children, good for pregnancy, watch for sore mouth and use caution in people with liver disease
What does PTU stand for?
Propylthiauracil
What is Propylthiouracil?
Medication that is given to treat hyperthyroidism
What is a major therapy used to manage type 1 DM?
Insulin
How must insulin be administered?
Injection
Why must insulin be injected?
It is not bioavailable?
What is the most common approach to insulin in T1DM?
Basal-bolus regime
What is BASAL insulin?
A long-acting insulin that acts in the background and is injected once daily independent of carbohydrate intake
What is BOLUS insulin?
A short-acting insulin given before each meal
What is the mechanism of action for insulin?
Mimics the effects of endogenous insulin
What drug is a Biguanides?
Metformin
What is the mechanism of action for metformin/biguanides?
It reduces the intestinal absorption of carbs and increases the insulin sensitivity to increase the glucose uptake into peripheral tissues
What are some side effects of metformin/biguanides?
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
What drugs start with gil…?
Sulfonylureas
What is sulfonylureas’ mechanism of action?
Increase pancreatic insulin secretion
What drugs end in -gliptin?
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
What is the mechanism of action for Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors?
They inhibit DPP-4 to increase in incretins which increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion
What drugs end in -gliflozin?
sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor?
What is the mechanism of action for SGLT2?
It prevents the resorption of glucose excretion
What are the side effects of SGLT2?
Polyuria and genital infection
What drug class ends in -tide?
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)?
What is the mechanism of action for GLP-1?
Mimics the effect of GLP-1 to increase the glucose-dependent insulin secretions
