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BDS1 Semester 1 > week 5: tissues of the body - CT > Flashcards

week 5: tissues of the body - CT Flashcards

1
Q

origin of CT

A
  • mesoderm –> fibrous tissue, bone, cartilage, fluid tissue (blood)
  • some from ectoderm –> neural crest (odontoblasts and skull bones)
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2
Q

what is CT first formed

A

formed from mesenchyme, which contains abundant AGS, primitive mesenchymal cells and few retiicular fibres
- primitive mesenchymal cells gives rise to –> stem blood cells, and CT cells

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3
Q

what makes up extracellular matrix?

A
  • fibres
  • AGS
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4
Q

what makes up CT

A
  • extracellular matrix (fibres and AGS)
  • cells
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5
Q

fibres in CT their function

A
  1. collagen fibres
    - connects and binds tissues and organs
    - transmits forces
    - support, shapes and flexibility
    - provides mechanical protection
  2. reticular fibres
    - gives support, shape and flexibility
    - net-like framework
  3. elastic fibres
    - gives support, shape and flexibility
    - elasticity
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6
Q

what are the cell types of CT and their function

A
  1. macrophages, leukocytes, and plasma cells
    - provides immune protection
  2. adipocytes
    - stores enegy and acts as insulation
  3. mesenchymal cells
    - stem cells which can differentiate into other cell types of the matrix
  4. fibroblasts
    - produces the CT - collagen type I, III, and Iv, and proteoglycans
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7
Q

components of AGS and function

A
  1. proteoglycans –> protein core with attached GAGs (hihgly negative and attracts water)
  2. provides medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products
  3. between cells and fibres
  4. fluid/gell-like
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8
Q

what are the 3 classifications of CT

A
  1. loose CT
  2. dense CT (regular or irregular)
  3. specialised CT
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9
Q

what is loose CT

A
  • more cells + AGS than fibres
  • types of loose CT = Adipose (breast tissue), areolar (under the dermis) and reticular (basement membrane)
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10
Q

what is dense CT

A
  • more fibres than AGS + cells
  • regular = fibres run parallel and can withstand tensile stresses (strong in one direction) , e.g. elastic CT in elastic arteries.
  • irregular = fibres run in all directions :. good at counteracting stress in all directions.
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11
Q

exampls of specialised CT

A
  • blood
  • bone
  • cartilage
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12
Q

what is the function of dense CT

A
  1. dense irregular CT
    - Connects and binds other tissue types and organs
    - transmits forces in all directions
    - gives support and shape
    - mechanical protection
  2. dense regular CT
    - provides strength and transmits forces in one direction
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13
Q

function of specialised CT and give an example of specialised CT

A
  • gives support and shape
  • e.g. cartilage and bone
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14
Q

types of dense regular CT

A
  • tendons
  • ligaments
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15
Q

function of loose CT

A
  • stores energy and acts as insulation (adipocytes)
  • transports nutrients and waste products between blood and epithelium
  • protects body from infection via the immune cells present.
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16
Q

collagen: moleculear composition, morphological characteristics, distribution and function

A

MOLECULAR COMPOSITION:
- type I collagen
- primarily composed of collagen protein
- 3 polypeptide chains joined together ina triple helix configuration

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- thick, strong, felxible,
- rope-like appearence
- appear as densly packed bundles of fibrils

DISTRIBUTION
- found in various types of CT - tendons, ligaments, skin, bones, cartilage, blood vessles.

FUNCTION
- provide tensile strenght to CT
- mechanical strenght, support and resistance to stretching
- structural integrity of the tissue
- role in wound repair and healing.

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17
Q

Elastic : moleculear composition, morphological characteristics, distribution and function

A

MOLECULAR COMPOSITION:
- composed of amorphous elastin proteins (elasticity) and glycoprotein microfibrils (scaffolding support for fibres)
- elastin is a random coiled structure when relaxed and elongated when stretched

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- thin and long - rubber band like –> thinnest fibre
- under microscope, appear: wavy, coiled or branched in nature. –> enables fibres to stretch when tension is applied and recold to original shape when tension is released.

DISTRIBUTION
- in tissues that require elasticity and resilience.
- in skin, blood vessles, lungs,ligaments, vocal cords and elastic cartilage

FUNCTION
- passive stretch and recoil.

18
Q

Reticular : moleculear composition, morphological characteristics, distribution and function

A

MOLECULAR COMPOSITION:
- mainly composed of type III collagen –> thinner and more delicate than type I collagen in collagen fibres

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- branching and delicate structure
- under microscope = fine, irregular arrangment –> mesh-like
- fibers interconnect –> supportive framework for structural organisation within tissue.

DISTRIBUTION
- found in spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes.
- forms reticular lamina in basement membrane.

FUNCTION
- provides supportive yet flexible framework for cells and other components of the tissue.

19
Q

types of collagen (I - IV), structure, location found, function

A
  1. Collagen type I
    - structure: fibrils, fibre bundles
    - location: most CT, dermis, tendon, ligament, bone, dentine
    - function: resistance to stress and tension; enables flexibility within tissue. transfer of unidirectional forces
  2. Collagen type II
    - structure: fibrils only
    - location: cartilage
    - function: provides resistance to pressure
  3. collagen type III
    - structure: fibrils and fibres
    - location: reticular fibres, cellular organs
    - function: delicate, flexible framework
  4. collagen type IV
    - structure: network sheet
    - location: basal lamina
    - function: support of delicate structures - filtration.

collagen type III and IV make up basement membrane

20
Q

what is oedema?

A

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid`

21
Q

function of macrophages

A
  • antigen presentation
22
Q

function of plasma cell

A

syntheis of antibodies

23
Q

function of neutrophils

A

neutralises bacterial infection

24
Q

function of mast cells

A

increases permeability of blood capillaries.

25
Q

fibroblast appearance

A
  • flattened ovoid nucleus
  • only nucleus visible in H&E section
26
Q

fibrocytes appearance

A
  • does not appear as dark as fibroblasts in H&E due to reduced protein production
27
Q

adipocytes appearance

A
  • H&E: huge cell with a thin rim of cytoplasm arround a clear lipid droplet; peripheral nucleus
  • EM: lipid droplet fixed and coloured grey-black. thin basal lamina type structure surrounding each cell
28
Q

macrophage apperarance

A
  • H&E: when inactive - only nucleus is visible (roundish and dented); cytoplasm contains visible phagosomes and lysosomes
  • EM: pseudopodia with microfilaments for phagocytosis and cell mobility.
29
Q

plasma cells appearance

A
  • LM: ovoid cell, basophillic, nucleus off centre, clock face clumping of chromatin
  • EM: abundant RER, extensive gogli, no seretory granules.
30
Q

mast cell appearance

A
  • H&E: indistinguishable, large basopbillic cytoplasm, granules filled with heprin
  • located near capillaries
31
Q

leukocytes appearance

A
  • lymphocytes = small round cells, dark round nucleus
  • neutrophils = lobulated nucleus
  • eosinophils = bring red granules in cytoplasm and 2 lobes to nucleus.
32
Q

function of fibroblasts

A
  • younger, immature cell
  • more active in protein production and production of intracellular matrix
  • respond to injury by dividing and producing large amounts of collagen –> form scar tissue during healing.
33
Q

function of fibrocytes

A
  • mature cell
  • less protein production
  • maintains intercellular components
  • during CT injury –> can revert to actove form.
34
Q

function of adipocytes

A
  • stores fat as energy source
  • clumped together for insulation
  • acts as a shock absorber; protective padding
35
Q

function of macrophage

A
  • defence cell that phagocytoses
  • ## antigen presenting cell –> initiate immune response
36
Q

function of plasma cell

A
  • produces antibodies
37
Q

function of mast cell

A
  • storage of chemical mediators of inflammatory response
  • allergy reactions
  • release heprin and histamine
38
Q

function of lymphocytes

A
  • principle cell in immune reaction
39
Q

function of neutrophils

A
  • neutralises bacterial infection
40
Q

function of eosinophils

A
  • accumulated in parasitic infection and allergy reaction
41
Q

CT structure that connects bone to bone

A

ligaments

42
Q

CT structure that connects bone to muscle

A

tendon

BDS1 Semester 1 (18 decks)

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