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BDS1 Semester 1 > cartilage structure and function > Flashcards

cartilage structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 components of cartilage?

A
  1. cells (chondrocytes)
  2. matrix (fibres and AGS)
  3. perichondrium
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2
Q

is cartilage vascular or avascular

A

avascular

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3
Q

what type of tissue is cartilage

A

CT

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4
Q

what are the cells in cartilage and what is their function

A
  • cells = chondrocytes
  • chondrocytes differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells
  • they synthesise and secrete extracellular matrix
  • form isogenous groups when devided in lacunae.
  • there is single or multiple chondrocytes in one lacunae.
  • chondrocytes undergo cell division
  • have spherical nuclei
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5
Q

what is the matrix of cartilage

A
  • fibres and ground substance
  • mainly collagen type II in hydrated gel of preoteoglycans and structural proteins which provide strength
  • AGS provides the firmness of the matrix
  • matrix is resistant to compression, strong - almost rigid, acts as a medium for diffusion of nutrients to chondrocytes.
  • avascular
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6
Q

what is the structure of a proteoglycan

A
  • core protein with GAGs attached
  • contain many associated water molecules.
  • regulates size of molecule movement
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7
Q

what is a GAGs

A
  • glycosaminoglycans
  • hyaluronic acids
  • negatively charged and therefore attact water
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8
Q

perichondrium structure and function

A
  • fibrous layer –> outer sheath of dense CT
  • surrounds cartilage (except for articular chartilage and joints of fibrocartilage)
  • provides protection and attachement to adjacent structures
  • contains capillaries –> source of nutrients –> needed for growth and maintanance.
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9
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage
  3. fibrocartilage
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10
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A
  • shock absorption
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11
Q

structure of hyaline cartilage

A
  1. perichondrium
    - outer fibrous layer = structural supprt
    - inner cellular layer = gives rise to chondrocytes
  2. Matrix
    - AGS, protroglycans, glycoproteins
    - type II collagen fibres
  3. Chondrocytes
    - located within lacunae
    - can divide
    - in isogenous groups
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12
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A
  • epipheseal plate = end of long bones –> increases bone length, plate disappears when individual has fully grown.
  • in ribs, nose, and trachea
  • at growth of bones
  • endochondral ossification = bones first appear in fetus as hyaline cartilage
  • articular cartilage = between joints and points of articulation; no perichondrium
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13
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A
  • flexible support
  • resistant to deformation due to firm structure –> maintians shape of structure
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14
Q

structure of elastic cartilage

A
  • perichondrium present
  • matrix of hyaline cartilage (chondrocytes, matrix, and perichondrium) + elastic fibres.
  • matrix contains type II collagen fibres
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15
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A
  • does not contain epiphyseal plate.
  • external ear
  • epiglottis
  • larynx
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16
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A
  • resistance to compressive forces and stress
  • the strongest out of the 3 cartilage types - immoveable
17
Q

structure of fibrocartilage

A
  • combination of dense regular CT and hyaline cartilage (alternating layers)
  • collagen type I and II
  • no perichondrium
18
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A
  • joint capsules
  • intervertebral discs
  • ligaments
19
Q

what is interstitial growth

A
  • growth of bone in length
  • expands within ECM via division of chondrocytes –> production of matrix
20
Q

what is appositional growth

A
  • bones grow in width - bone thickening
  • addition of new cartilage at surface
21
Q

why does cartilage have limited repair ability if damaged

A
  1. chondrocytes are bound to lanuae :. cannot bigrate to damaged areas
  2. cartilage does not have a blood supply therefore, deposition of new matrix is a slow process.
22
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A
  1. diarthroses = freely moveable
    - synovial joints (shoulder joints, TMJ)
  2. amphiarthroses = slightly moveable
    - cartilaginouse (pubis)
  3. synarthroses = immoveable
    - fibrous (sutures of the skull)
23
Q

what cartilage is in the synovial joints

A

articular cartilage (type of hyaline cartilage)

24
Q

what is gomphosis and what type of joint is it

A
  • dentoalveolar joint
  • type of synarthrosis joint
25
Q

what is the compostion of bone

organic and inorganic

A
  1. organic composition - OSTEOIDS - cells, collagen fibres (30%)
    - type I collagen fibres organsied in a lamellae (ring-like)
    - resists tensile strength, bending and torsional forces
  2. iorganic composition - HYDROXYAPATITE minerals (60%)
    - calcium and phosphorus crystals arranged in a protein matrix
    - resists compressive forces
26
Q

what are the 3 components of bone

A

**1. periosteum **
- on the periphery
- outer CT covering of the bone (except for on the articular cartilage)
- outer periosteum = site of muscle, tendon and ligament attachement.
- inner cellular layer = contains capillaries and source of osteoprogenitor cells –> gives rise to osteoblasts

**2. endosteum **
- “endo” = within
- lines the internal cavities of the bone
- Covers trabeculae in spongy bones

3. bone marrow
- in all internal spaces of the bone.
- yellow bone marrow (in dyaphysis) = fat cells, capillaries, only in adult bone.
- red bone marrow (in epiphysis) = myeloid tissue (blood cells, some fat cells and large capillaries), within cavities of spingy bone.

27
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • precursors to osteoblasts and differentiate into thm under the influence of growth factors.
28
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • synthesise bone matrix – osteoid (collagen type I, proteins and hydroxyapatite) –> makes osteoid
  • mature into osteocytes
  • derived from mesenchymal cells
  • cuboidal cells and uninucleated
29
Q

osteocytes

A
  • structure = stellate shaped, single nuclei, in lacunae, cytoplasmic processes in canaliculi and joined by gap juntions.
  • present within lacunae within bone
  • contain cellular processes that reach out to other osteocytes for communication
  • maintanence of bone matrix
  • responds to mechanical stress - regular bone remodelling
30
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • derived from monocytes
  • responsible for bone resorption
  • Howships lacunae via brekadown of bone.
31
Q

what is the haversian system

A
  • AKA osteon
  • ## structural unit of compact bone
32
Q

fucntion of bone

A
  • support = vertebbral colmn supports weight if body and distributes weight
  • protection = protect the brain, organs, spinal cord,
  • calcium and phosphorus storage
  • blood formation = via red bone marrow
  • triglyceride storage = via yellow bone marrow
33
Q

fucntion of bone

A
  • support = vertebbral colmn supports weight if body and distributes weight
  • protection = protect the brain, organs, spinal cord,
  • calcium and phosphorus storage
  • blood formation = via red bone marrow
  • triglyceride storage = via yellow bone marrow
  • compact bone resists torsioanl stresses
  • spongy bone resists compression
34
Q

how do compact bone communicate

A
  • osteocytes send out cellular processes within canaliculi to other osteocytes –> movement of nutrients via haversian canals through osteoblasts –> communication via gap junctions.
35
Q

structure of compact/cortical bone

A
  • closely packed osteons/haversian systems
  • concentric lamellae
  • osteocytes in lacunae
  • haversian (central) canals –> contains nerve and blood supply, lined by endosteum, in the middle of the osteon
  • volksman’s canals –> channels that connect the haversian canals
  • collage (type I) fibres run parallel with the lamella and perpendicular to adjacent lamellae
36
Q

function of compact bone

A
  • mechanical strength
  • storage/release of calcium
  • lipid storage
  • 80% skeletal mass
37
Q

structure of spongy bone

A
  • network of connecting plates arranged in trabeculae
  • trabeculae is lined by endosteum
  • spaces between trabeculae filled with red bone marrow.
38
Q

function of spogy/trabecular bone

A
  • produces red blood cells
  • 20% skeletal mass

BDS1 Semester 1 (18 decks)

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