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HUMAN BODY 1 - WEEK 1 TO 5 > WEEK 5 - SKELETAL SYSTEM 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 5 - SKELETAL SYSTEM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support: Body
  • Protection: Organs
  • Movement: Skeletal muscles pull on bone
  • Blood formation: Red bone marrow produces blood cells
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2
Q

Storage in the skeletal system?

A
  • Yellow (lipid) bone marrow (energy)
  • Minerals
    ▪ electrolyte balance
    ▪ 99% of calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate in bones
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3
Q

What are bones?

A
  • Different tissues working together
    ▪ Bone (connective) – ‘osseous’. Cartilage (connective). Dense (connective)
    ▪ Adipose (connective). Epithelial. Nervous
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4
Q

What are short bones?

A
  • Equal in length and width.
  • Glide across one another
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5
Q

What are long bones?

A
  • Longer than wide.
  • Rigid levers acted upon by muscles
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6
Q

What are flat bones?

A
  • Protect soft organs.
  • Curved but wide & thin
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7
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Do not fit into a category

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8
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Outer compact bone
  2. Inner spongy bone
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9
Q

What is outer compact bone?

A
  • Smooth and solid
  • Protective layer that stops marrow seeping out
  • Attachment site
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10
Q

What is inner spongy bone?

A
  • Lattice of rods / plates (trabeculae)
  • Strong but light, absorbs impact
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11
Q

What is the structure of a compact bone?

A

Composed of cylindrical units called Osteons (strand of spaghetti)

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12
Q

What is the strucure of osteons?

A
  • Four to 20 hollow tubes (lamellae), one placed outside next, around a central canal
    (blood vessels)
  • Collagen of lamellae are aligned
  • But alignment is opposite in the adjacent lamellae
  • Osteocytes occupy cavities between the lamellae
  • Osteons orientated parallel to diaphysis of the long bone to give strength
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13
Q

What are the structure of a spongy bone?

A
  • Trabeculae (not osteons)
  • Spaces filled with blood vessels and marrow
  • Nutrients etc. diffuse from marrow to bone tissue
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14
Q

What are the structure of a long bone?

A
  1. Diaphysis (shaft)
  2. Epiphysis (head)
  3. Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
  4. Articular (hyaline) cartilage
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15
Q

What is Diaphysis (shaft)?

A

Cylinder of compact bone

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16
Q

What is Epiphysis (head)

A
  • Enlarged ends to strengthen joint
  • Attachment of ligaments and tendons
17
Q

What is Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) ?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage separates epiphysis and diaphysis
    -Cartilage grows, then replaced with bone in youth
  • Plate calcified in adult = Epiphyseal line
18
Q

What is Articular (hyaline) cartilage?

A
  • Covers ends.
  • Allows joint to move, friction free
19
Q

What cover and lines a bone?

A
  1. Periosteum
  2. Endosteum
20
Q

What is periosteum?

A
  • Around outer compact bone
  • Dense connective tissue, attaches to ligaments and tendons
  • Vascular (500 mL/min), nerves (pain)
21
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Lines marrow cavity

22
Q

What is a red bone marrow (myeloid)?

A
  • Haemopoietic. Reticular connective tissue
  • Spongy bone of flat bones and epiphysis of long bones
23
Q

What is a yellow bone marrow?

A
  • Lipid storage.
  • Long bones
24
Q

How does bone form?

A
  • Collagen framework laid down in extracellular matrix (ossification):
  • 1/3 Next minerals (e.g., calcium phosphate) are deposited and crystallize (calcification): 2/3
    This crystal-protein interaction gives bone strength to resist compression and flexibility to resist
    tension or shattering
25
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
26
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A
  • Derived from mesenchymal cells
  • These stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into Osteoblasts
  • Bone side of periosteum and endosteum, central canals and epiphyseal plates
27
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • Secrete collagen and other components of extracellular matrix and initiate calcification
  • When surrounded by matrix becomes an Osteocyte
28
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • Maintain bone tissue
  • Cells connected by channels (canaliculi) in matrix
  • Exchanges made between cells via gap junctions
29
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • Giant multinucleate cells
  • Bone side of periosteum or endosteum
  • Lysosome enzymes break collagen.
  • Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals
30
Q

Bone is dynamic

A
  • Collagen and minerals continually recycled and renewed through remodeling
  • Balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts
  • Spongy bone replaced every 3 to 4 years, compact bone every 10 years
31
Q

Remodeling

A
  • Gives each bone ability to adapt to stresses caused by body change
  • Shape of bones reflects forces applied to them
    ▪ Regular exercise important stimulus (tennis arm)
    ▪ Active and passive limb exercises

HUMAN BODY 1 - WEEK 1 TO 5 (13 decks)

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