Week 5 - Self-Report Measures/Cognitive Assessment Flashcards
What do self-report measures include?
Includes any INSTRUMENT in which the client completes it INDEPENDENTLY
Can be brief instruments, checklists, or objective personality measures
May be paper and pencil or computerized programs
What are the 3 things included in personality measures?
- Personality:
- Enduring and pervasive motivations, emotions, interpersonal styles, attitudes, and traits
- Consistencies in behaviour, emotions, and attitudes that are evident across situations and across time - Psychopathology:
• Major mood and anxiety SYMPTOMS, psychotic processes - Personality assessment:
• SYSTEMACTIC MEASUREMENTS of these personality characteristics and sometimes of general psychopathology
What do objective personality measures include?
5 FACTORS
Clients are asked SPECIFIC and STANDARD questions in a STRUCTURED format
The responses are SCORED according to an AGREED upon criteria
The scores are then COMPARED to the data from a NORMATIVE sample
The scores are often converted into STANDARDIZED scores and/or percentiles
The standardized scores and their relation to the norm are used in the INTERPRETATION
What 3 factors can affect the validity of objective personality measures?
Why is validity important?
Validity provide information on factors that could DISORT the results of the testing, such as the client’s response style
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- Impression management
(+) – tendency toward minimizing personal difficulties or presenting oneself in a favourable light
(-) – tendency toward exaggerating or overreporting symptoms - Inconsistency
- attending to content and responding in a inconsistent way - Malingering
- deliberate attempt to distort the results
Give the definition of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? (MMPI)
Compare the empirical criterion-keying approach VS the content approach…
Developed by Hathaway & Mckinley in 1943
Goal was to construct a SELF-REPORT TEST that could provide accurate information on symptom SEVERITY and possible DIAGNOSIS for ADULT patients suspected of having mental disorders
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Empirical criterion-keying approach:
- method of test construction that involves the GENERATION and ANALYSIS of a POOL of items
- those items that DISCRIMINATE between 2 clearly DEFINED groups are RETAINED in the SCALE
Content approach:
- method of test construction that involves developing items specifically designed to TAP the CONSTRUCT being ASSESSED
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***Butcher revised the instrument in 1982
What is included in the MMPI-3 and when was it published?
(Reading level, completion time, forms & norms)
Published in 2020
Age: 18+
Reading Level: 4.5th grade
Completion Time: 25-50 minutes
Forms: 335 True-False items
Norms: Nationally representative English-language normative sample designed to match US Census Bureau demographic projections for 2020, 1,620 individuals (810 men and 810 women) ages 18 and older
• 52 scales
• 10 Validity Scales
• 3 Higher-Order (H-O) Scales
• 8 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales
• 26 Specific Problems (SP) Scales
• 5 Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales
Give the definition of the Personality Assessment Inventory? (PAI)
What do validity and reliability tests show?
Assesses PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS and provides relevant info for…
- CLINICAL diagnosis
- TREATMENT planning
- SCREENING for psychopathology
- profiles of adults can be compared w/ both NORMAL and CLINICAL populations (b/c was normed on this)
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Reliability:
- studies indicate it has HIGH degree of INTERNAL CONSISTENCY across samples
- results are stable over periods of 2-4 weeks (median alpha and test-retest correlations exceed .80 for the 22 scales).
Validity:
- studies demonstrate CONVERGENT and DISCRIMINANT validity with more than 50 other measures of psychopathology
What is included in the PAI?
(Items, reading level, time, norms)
Age: 18 years to 89 years
Items: 344 Likert type format
Reading level: 4th grade
Time: 25–55 minutes
Norms: Reliability and validity are based on data from a U.S. Census- matched normative sample of 1,000 community-dwelling adults, a sample of 1,265 patients from 69 clinical sites, and a college sample of 1,051 students
Give the definition of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory? (MCMI)
Developed from MILLON’s theory of PSYCHOPATHY
Designed to assess…
- personality STYLES/DISORDERS
- major CLINICAL syndromes
- for use w/ clients seeking MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
***NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE WITH ADULTS W/ NO PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
What is included in the MCMI-IV and when was it published?
(Age, reading level, administration, completion time, norms & scales)
Fourth version was published in 2015
Age: 18+
Reading Level: 8th Grade
Administration: Paper-and-pencil, computer, or online administration
Completion Time: 25–30 minutes (195 true/false items)
Norms: Based on a clinical (inpatient and outpatient) adult population of 1,547 males and females with a wide variety of diagnoses
Scales: validity, clinical personality patterns, severe personality pathology, clinical syndromes, and severe symptoms
What do behaviour or symptom checklists include?
5 FACTORS
- Designed to PROVIDE INFO:
- NATURE of an individual’s EXPERIENCE (e.g., psychological distress, mood states)
- FREQ/SEVERITY of the experience - Have MORE FACE VALIDITY than objective or projective measures
- Are more focused on SPECIFIC AREAS
- SHORTER, QUICKER, CHEAPER and generally require LESS training
- Can be better used for treatment MONITORING
What does Achenbach System of Empircally Based Assessment include?
***REMEMBER ITS ABOUT CHILDREN/YOUTH
Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL)
• Assesses children’s ADJUSTMENT
• STANDARDIZED questionnaire which can be completed by the parents and teachers
• Provides information on PROBLEM behaviour as well as scales for INTERNAL/EXTERNAL problems
Youth Self-Report (YSR)
• For youth aged 11-18 years
• Provides an analysis of the degree of AGREEMENT between TWO RATERS (e.g., mother and youth), as well as a COMPARISON of their degree of AGREEMENT about a problem with that of a NORMATIVE group
What is the Symptom Checklist-90-R and what does it include?
What about the reliability and validity?
Widely used INSTRUMENT that assesses GENERAL psychological distress
Measures SEVERITY of symptoms over the PAST 2 weeks
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INCLUDES:
- INITIAL evaluation of patients at intake as an OBJECTIVE method for symptom SCREENING
- measuring patient progress during and after treatment to MONITOR CHANGE
- outcomes measurement for TREATMENT programs and providers through patient information
- CLINICAL TRIALS to help measure the CHANGES in symptoms such as depression and anxiety
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Reliability/validity:
- more than 1,000 studies have been conducted demonstrating the reliability, validity, and utility of the SCL–90–R instrument
*** Normed on four groups: adult psychiatric outpatients, adult nonpatients, adult psychiatric inpatients, and adolescent nonpatients
What are the 2 types of Beck Inventories?
- Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI):
- 17-80 yrs
- 5-10min administration
- patients respond to 21 items rated on scale 0-3
- each item is descriptive of subjective, somatic, or panic-related symptoms of anxiety - Beck Depression Inventory - II (BDI-II):
- 13-80yrs
- 21 items to assess the intensity of depression in clinical and normal patients
- each item is a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity about a particular symptom of depression
Name 4 additional measures/tests we can use for adaptive functioning, anger, OCD and trauma…
- Adaptive Functioning
- Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition (ABAS®-3) - Anger
- State Trait Anger Inventory (STAXI) - OCD
- Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CYBOCS) - Trauma
- PTSD Checklist (PCL)
- Trauma Symptom Inventory – 2nd Edition (TSI-2)
What are projective measures?
Use STIMULI or ITEMS which are AMBIGUOUS and essentially MEANINGLESS in nature
The assumption is that, because of the ambiguity, the person UNVEILS aspects of their personality as they ATTEMPT to make SENSE of the stimuli
What are the benefits (+) and limitations (-) of projective measures?
(+):
- subject is UNAWARE of what is measured
- NO right/wrong answers
(-):
- some UNSTANDARDIZED administration & scoring/interpretation
- LACK NORMATIVE data & PSYCHOMETRICS
Give the definition of Rorschach Inkblot test?
Developed by HERMAN RORSCHACH
Contains 10 cards which have inkblots
The process by which people ORGANIZE their responses to the inkblots is representative of how they CONFRONT other AMBIGUOUS situations requiring organization & judgment
What is included in the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
(Administration & scoring)
Administration:
- aprox 50min
- sit side by side
- instructions and testing environment attempt to keep the task as ambiguous as possible
- introduce test by explaining, “This is a series of inkblots that I’ll show you and I want to tell me what they look like to you.” Further clarification may be necessary.
- say: “What might this be?”
- continue until all cards have been administered and you
have 14 responses, but no more than 5 responses per card
- inquiry: go through the cards again, asking for further detail
- focus is on Location (where is it), Determinants (what makes it look like that), and Content (what is it)
Scoring:
- can take 45min and interpretation another 50min
- Exner system is most standardized, but remains unreliable
and complex
What are the benefits (+) and limitations (-) to the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
(+):
- excellent at bypassing a person’s CONCIOUS resistance
- some RESISTANCE to FAKING
(-):
- VARIABLE validity and only MEDIOCRE reliability
- quite COMPLEX and therefore there can be a high degree of scoring ERRORS
- requires EXTENSIVE training
Give the definition of the Thematic Apperception Test?
What is a limitation to this test?
Conceptualized in 1935 by Christina Morgan and Henry Murray
Consists of a number of PICTURES and the client is asked to CREATE A STORY about what he or she sees occurring in the pictures
UNCONCIOUS fantasies could be revealed by interpreting the stories told regarding AMBIGUOUS pictures
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Unfortunately, there is NO clear agreed upon SCORING and interpretation system and there is QUESTIONABLE psychometrics
The most common systems for scoring are either the Bellak system or the Teglasi system
What is included in the TAT?
(Administration & interpretation)
Administration: “tell me a story that has a beginning, a middle, and and an end.”
Interpretation:
- the PROTAGONIST of the story
- theoretically, the client attributes their OWN thoughts and needs to the hero
- the FORCES in the environment represent the press of the story
- the outcome is the RESOLUTION between the hero’s NEEDS and desires and is the PRESS of the environment
Give an example of 4 kinds of projective drawings…
- House-tree person
- Kinetic family
- Person in the rain
- Person of the opposite sex
What is Rotter’s incomplete sentence blank?
SEMI-STRUCTURED projective technique
The client writes a SENTENCE for which the STEM is provided
It assumes that the responses reflect the individual’s wishes, desires, fears, attitudes, and so forth in the sentences which are produced
Interpretation is considered QUALITATIVE and provides ADDITIONAL clinical information
What questions should be asked/considered when psychological testing?
What information do I want to learn?
Which instruments will provide me with the data I’m looking for?
Do they have clinical utility?
Are those tests psychometrically sound?
Are those tests a good fit for the client and situation?
(Reading level, culture, current circumstances, time & cost, order of testing)
What are the 3 theories of intelligence?
- Factor Models
- Hierarchal Models
- Informational Processing Model
Explain Factor Model and what theory it includes…
2 or more factors that are POSTULATED to be at more or less the SAME STRUCTURAL LEVEL
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Ex) Spearman’s Two Factor Model:
- “g” general factor shared by ALL intellectual abilities
- “s” specific factors, responsible for UNIQUE aspects in performance of tasks
