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***PSYCH 335- Clinical Psychology > Week 1 - Intro To Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Week 1 - Intro To Clinical Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Give two definitions of clinical psychology?

A
  1. Application of psychological knowledge to alleviate distress & promote well-being
  2. Range of activities: assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program evaluation, administration, research
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2
Q

Clinical psychology is guided by…?

A

Respect for dignity of persons

Integrity in relationships

Responsibility to society

Responsible caring

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3
Q

Clinical practice is “________”- based practice in psychology

A

Evidence

Emphasizes the importance of informing patients, based on the best available research evidence, about viable options for assessment, prevention, or intervention services

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4
Q

Counselling psychology goals?

A

A helping profession devoted to the prevention, remediation and amelioration of emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and interpersonal difficulties, and the enhancement of human potential and quality of life

These aims are sought by integrating science and practice with the awareness and skills to work with diverse populations from individual, social, and organizational perspectives

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5
Q

School psychology goals?

A

Most work for school boards/children facilities

Assessment/treatment of cognitive/academic functioning

Individualized behavioural plans

Consultings w/ teachers and parents

Specialized training in both psychology and education

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6
Q

Social work goals?

A

Enhance developmental and coping skills

Promote effective and humane resources/services

Link ppl to systems that provide them w/ services

Contribute to development/improvement of social policy

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7
Q

Psychiatry goals?

A

Medial doctors complete at least one year of residency in psychiatry

Biological aspects of functioning (b/w mental & physical illness)

Empathize psychotropic medication for treatment

Some engage in therapy, etc…

May also work in subspeciality

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8
Q

What is the historic timeline of clinical psychology?

A

Hippocrates (origins biopsychosocial view) ——-> Pinel, Tuke, Rush (enlightenment period) ——> Charcot, Freud (European psychiatry)

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9
Q

What did Galton believe in terms of assessment?

A

Believed that there were INDIVIDUAL differences among people

Intelligence can be measured through differences in MOTOR skills and REACTION times

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10
Q

What did Wundt believe in terms of assessment?

A

FATHER of psychology

Promoted it as an INDEPENDENT science: The science of conscious experience

Established the psychological laboratory

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11
Q

What did Cattell believe in terms of assessment?

A

Focused on the CONNECTION between reaction time and intelligence

Coined the term MENTAL TEST to describe the battery of tests and tasks he developed to evaluate people’s cognitive functioning

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12
Q

What did Kraepelin believe in terms of assessment?

A

Developed a CLASSIFICATION of mental disorders

Built around syndromes, or groups of symptoms

First step toward classification

Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic- depressive (bipolar disorder)

***Ushered in medical TERMS such as illness, symptoms, patients

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
• 1952; 1968; 1980; 1994; 2000; 2013
• DSM 5TR (2022)

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13
Q

What did Binet believe in terms of assessment?

A

Instead of sensorimotor processes to measure intelligence, he focused on memory, attention, IMAGINATION, and comprehension

With Simon, developed an INTELLIGENT TEST that assessed judgement, comprehension, and reasoning

Concept of MENTAL AGE: the age at which children of average ability could perform specific tasks

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14
Q

What did Terman believe in terms of assessment?

A

Published the Standford-Binet Test of Intelligence

IQ: Intelligence Quotient (ratio between mental age and chronological age)

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15
Q

What did Yerkes do in terms of assessment?

A

GROUP intelligence testing (later spurred personality testing)

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16
Q

What did Wechsler do in terms of assessment?

A

Tests became GOLD STANDARD for intellectual assessment/memory

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17
Q

What did Rorschach do in terms of assessment?

A

PROJECTIVE TESTING w/ inkblot tests

18
Q

What did Murray and Morgan do in terms of assessment?

A

Published Thematic Apperception Test

19
Q

What did Meehl do in terms of assessment?

A

Clinical judgment versus STATISTICAL analysis in assessment

SCIENTIFIC METHODS (including, whenever possible, standardized psychological measures) must be used to test the viability of the hypotheses

20
Q

What did Mischel do in terms of assessment?

A

Personality traits had more to do with how a person was VIEWED by others than
with what a person ACTUALLY did

Although many personality researchers and clinical psychologists believed that Mischel had underestimated the influence of personality factors and overestimated the power of social situations in determining behaviour

21
Q

What are behavioural assessments?

Who was involved in this? (2 people)

A

Based on learning principles encompassed under operant, classical, and observational learning paradigms

Achenbach
• Behaviour rating scales

Conners
• Rating scales for ADHD

22
Q

Assessment data should be obtained from (2) ways, what are these?

A
  1. Multiple methods (interviews, observations, self-reports etc…)
  2. Multiple informants (not just from client)
23
Q

List the historic timeline of intervention & who was involved… (9)

A

Charot (hysteria/hypnotic) —-> Freud (dream analysis/free association) —-> Jung (collective unconscious) —-> Adler (feelings of inferiority/socialization/development of personality) —-> Whitmer (father of clinical psychology) —-> Watson (little Albert) —-> Rogers (unconditional + regard) —-> Maslow (self-actualization) —-> Sullivan (interpersonal dynamics)

24
Q

What did Eysenck do in terms of intervention?

A

Questioned the effectiveness of psychotherapy

Argued that the rates of improvement among clients receiving either psychodynamic or eclectic (i.e., an unspecified mix of theories and techniques) therapy were comparable to rates of remission of symptoms among clients receiving NO therapy at all

25
Q

What did Ellis do in terms of intervention?

A

Rational emotive therapy

ABC model (antecedent, behaviour, consequence)

26
Q

What did Beck do in terms of intervention?

A

Cognitive therapy

The impact of cognitive schemas, automatic thoughts, and cognitive distortions on emotions and behavior

27
Q

What is the current state of intervention?

A

• Psychological treatments are helpful in treatment of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION

• Psychological treatment is at least as EFFECTIVE as medication

• FUND access to psychological treatments delivered by TRAINED mental health professionals

28
Q

What are the arguments against the EBP model?

A

Group- based data cannot be used with working w/ an individual

Clients have problems now, and we cannot afford to wait for the research

Each individual unique constellation of life experience, culture and societal context

There is simply no research evidence on how to understand/treat many of the human problems confronted by clinical psychologists on the daily

29
Q

Due to some American jurisdictions, some psychologists may be able to receive training in psychoactive medication. This is “_____” yet the case in “___________”

A

NOT; Canada

30
Q

Only “___%” of American medical students seek psychiatric training now

A

3%

Fallen over 40% since the 1980’s

More in demand now due to this decrease (even in other countries)

31
Q

Physicatric nurses often provide “________ _______” services such as “_______ _____”

A

Direct services; home care

32
Q

Hippocrates (“father of medicine”) emphasized what is now know as “_________________ __________”

A

Biopsychosocial approach

To understand both PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

33
Q

What was the DSM created?

A

1952

34
Q

What are projective tests?

A

Predicted on the notion that an individuals interpretation of a situation is determined by his/her PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

Emergence in the 1930’s

35
Q

Why was the DSM-III created?

A

For many years, research had consistently demonstrated that clinicians (including clinical psychologists and psychiatrists) were very INCONSISTENT in how they interviewed patients

Such inconsistencies were evident both from clinician to clinician and even by the same clinician over time

The DSM-III was an EXPLICIT attempt to improve the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses by providing as CLEAR guidance as possible on specific criteria

36
Q

What is clinical utility?

A

Usefulness of assessment data to provide information that leads to a clinical outcome that is better (or faster or less expensive) than would be the case if the psychologist did not have the assessment data

37
Q

What is service evaluation?

A

Put bluntly, individual clinical psychologists are under increasing pressure to demonstrate that their services work

This has resulted in renewed attention to the role of clinical assessment in documenting progress and outcome in treatment

38
Q

What year did the the American Psychological Association adopt its policy on Evidence-Based Practice?

A

2005

39
Q

What year did the Canadian Psychological Association adopt its policy on Evidence-Based Practice of Psychological Treatments?

A

2012

40
Q

Why did the demand for psychotherapy grow dramatically in the 1940’s/1950’s?

A

Need to provide mental health services to both the members of the military and to the members of the public who were affected by the horror and loses of the war

41
Q

Efficacy VS effectiveness

A

Efficacy: evidence that a treatment has been shown to work under RESEARCH conditions that empathized INTERNAL VALIDITY

Effectiveness: evidence that a treatment has been shown to work in REAL LIFE conditions

42
Q

“________ ______” challenged the field to only provide psychological services that research has shown to be “________ & ______”

A

Richard MCFALL; effective & safe

***PSYCH 335- Clinical Psychology (10 decks)

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