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***PSYCH 335- Clinical Psychology > Week 3 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Week 3 - Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evidence-based research VS eminence based?

A

Evidence:
- basing clinical services and health care policy, whenever feasible, on REPLICATED evidence gathered from scientific studies

Eminence:
- recommendations are ACCEPTED because the person delivering them is seen as an EXPERT

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2
Q

What are 6 common errors in thinking?

A

1) faulty reasoning (argument MISLEADING/INACCURATE)

2) false dilemma (reduce range of options TWO EXTREMES)

3) golden mean fallacy (MOST VAILID = stands true for both)

4) the straw person argument (mischaracterization)

5) affirming the consequent (causation does NOT equal correlation)

6) appeal to ignorance (NO evidence = must be true)

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3
Q

What are the 3 steps in scientific approach to problems?

A

1) formulate hypothesis

2) test hypothesis

3) acting on best evidence

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4
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Extent of which the study RULES out or makes implausible explanations of the results

If results ATTRIBUTED TO INDEP VARIABLE = INTERNALLY VALID

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5
Q

What is external validity?

A

Extent to which results of a study can be GENERALIZED beyond the conditions of the experiment to OTHER circumstances

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6
Q

What are some threats to internal validity?

A

History

Maturation

Testing

Instrumentation

Statistical regression

Selection biases

Attrition

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7
Q

What are some threats to external validity?

A

Sample characteristics

Stimulus characteristics and settings

Reactivity of experimental arrangements

Reactivity of the assessment

Timing of Measurement

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8
Q

What are some types of research designs?

A

1) case studies (detailed presentation, new treatment innovation)

2) single case designs (A-B single case design)

3) correlational designs

4) quasi-experimental (contains some form of manipulation)

5) experimental (random assignment & experimental manipulation, randomized controlled trials)

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9
Q

What’s included in correlational designs?

****XCOME BACK

A

1) descriptive

2) factor analysis

3)

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10
Q

What is the process of selecting participants?

A

1) selecting the SAMPLE

2) selecting the SAMPLE STRATEGY

3) selecting the SAMPLE SIZE

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11
Q

What are some types of measurements?

A

Self-report (e.g.,questionnaires)

Informant-report measures (e.g.,parentorteacherreports)

Rater evaluations (objective assessor rating a behaviour)

Performance measures (e.g., visuospatial tasks, response time tasks)

Projective measures (e.g.,storytelling,inkblots)

Observation of behaviour (e.g., coding or rating of direct observation)

Psychophysiological/Biological measures

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12
Q

What is internal consistency?

A

Degree of consistency/homogeneity of the times within a scale

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13
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Stability of test scores over time

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14
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

Extent to which different assessors or raters agree on the score they provide when assessing

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15
Q

What does clinical significance mean?

A

The results of a study are at a magnitude that there are CHANGES in some aspects of the participants’ daily functioning

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16
Q

What are some threats to statistical conclusion validity?

A

Low statistical power

Multiple comparisons and error rates

Variability in the procedures

Participant heterogeneity

Unreliability of the measure

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17
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

The use of a systematic and explicit set of methods to identify, select, and critically appraise research studies

Steps:
• The focus of the review has to be stated as a set of clear, unambiguous questions that will guide the literature search
• Conduct an extensive electronic search
• Inclusion criteria are set
• Summary of results
• Interpretation of results, noting limit

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18
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A set of statistical procedures for QUANTITIVELY summarizing the results of a research domain

• Uses effect sizes to COMBINE data from multiple studies

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19
Q

What are some purposes of a classification system?

A

CONCISE description

Common LANGUAGE used by professionals

For searching for TREATMENT

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20
Q

What are 3 approaches to classification?

A

1) categorical approach (object is determined to be part of a CATEGORY or NOT)

2) dimensional approach (object differs in which it possesses certain CHARACTERISTICS/PROPERTIES)

3) prototype model (members of a category may differ in the DEGREE to which they represent underlying concepts)

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21
Q

What are some benefits of a diagnostic system?

A

1) classification based on rules

2) provide a concise description of essential aspects

3) reflects best current scientific knowledge

4) provides common language

5) indicate possible causes

6) Indicate possible future developments

7) provide guidance on co-existing problems/conditions

8) provide guidance on treatment options

22
Q

What are some disadvantages of a diagnostic system?

A

1) labelling

2) stigmatization

3) iatrogenic effects (illness caused by medical examination or treatment)

4) inaccurate/unnecessary treatment

23
Q

What is a mental disorder?

A

Syndrome characterized by clinically significant DISTURBANCE in an individuals cognitions, emotional regulation, or a behaviour that reflects a DYSFUNCTION in psychological, biological, developmental underlying mental functioning

24
Q

What are some considerations in diagnosing mental disorders?

A

1) biological vulnerability

2) exposure to stressors

3) absence/disruption of protective factors

——> mental disorder

25
Q

Physical and mental disorders are both based on a “________ __ _______”

A

Cluster of symptoms

26
Q

Physical disorders are often considered the “_______ _________ _______” mental disorders are often considered that “_________ _____ ______”

A

Clear etiological path; etiology less clear

27
Q

What was the evolution of the DSM?

A

DSM (1952)
- Largely psychodynamic description
- Limited impact on treatment as there was only one type commonly available

DSM-II (1968)
- More precision
- Greater choice among
treatments

DSM-III/III- R (1980/1987)
- Atheoretical
- More explicit diagnostic criteria with behavioural descriptors

DSM- IV/IVTR (1994/2000)
- Scientifically informed via work groups & literature reviews

DSM-5/5TR (2013/2022)
- Expanded consultation
- Unprecedented criticism
- Focus on inter- rater reliability

28
Q

The DSM requires _________ ________ & ________ in order to differentiate disorders from normal life variations

A

Clinical training; experience

29
Q

Compare the + and the - of the DSM

A

(+) = provides common language

(-) = too prescriptive, labelling can increase stigma, may be too catergorical, concerns around development

30
Q

The dimensional approach includes “____________ _______ & ___________ _________”

A

Internalized disorders; externalized disorders

31
Q

The descriptive approach does what?

A

Outlines clinical features

Focus in on SYMPTOMS, NOT the PERSON

32
Q

The systematic description does what?

A

EACH disorder includes information regarding age, culture, and gender-related features, prevalence, incidence, risk, and course of the disorder

33
Q

Diagnostic uncertainty means what?

A

Includes RULES to be used when info is insufficient or unusual

34
Q

What was included in the DSM-5 revision?

A

Task force is developed

Proposals for revisions; literature reviews

Guided by research evidence (field trials)

Public and professional reviews

Intended to be used by clinicians

Continuity should be maintained with DSM

Expert review and final approval

35
Q

The DSM-5 “________” the previous axial format

A

Dropped

Axis I
Axis II
Axis III
Axis IV
Axis V
• Clinical conditions
• Personality disorders and intellectual disabilities • General medical conditions
• Psychosocial and environmental conditions
• Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score

36
Q

How does the DSM-5 consider developmental and lifespan?

A

Organizational structure follows a LIFESPAN approach

• Childhood: neurodevelopmental disorders (autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disorders), schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

• Adolescence: mood disorders, anxiety disorders

• Adulthood: neurocogntive disorders

*HOWEVER, SOME DISORDERS ARE GROUPED USING A DIMENSIONAL APPROACH

EX) INTERNALIZING/EXTERNALIZING DISORDERS

37
Q

What are some cultural issues in terms of the DSM?

A

Race & ethnicity are both a CULTURALLY constructed group identity

Mental disorders are defined in relation to cultural, social, and familial norms and values

Culture provides an interpretative framework

Diagnostic assessment MUST CONSIDER whether an individual’s symptoms and experiences differ from sociocultural norms and lead to difficulties

38
Q

What are some terms avoided/used differently in the DSM-5 in terms of culture?

A

The term “racialized” is used instead of “race/racial” to highlight the socially constructed nature of race

The term “ethnoracial” is used in the text to denote the U.S. Census categories, such as Hispanic, White, or African American, that combine ethnic and racialized identifiers

The terms “minority” and “non-White” are avoided because they describe social groups in relation to a racialized “majority,” a practice that tends to perpetuate social hierarchies

The emerging term “Latinx” is used in place of Latino/Latina to promote gender-inclusive terminology

The term Caucasian is not used because it is based on obsolete and erroneous views about the geographic origin of a prototypical pan-European ethnicity.

39
Q

What is INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS (ICD-11)?

What does it include?

A

Global standard for diagnostic health information

Developed by the World Health Organization

Conceptual framework independent of language and culture

  • Provides knowledge on the extent, causes and consequences of human disease and death worldwide
  • Including but not limited to psychological disorders
40
Q

Compare the DSM and ICD

A

DSM
American Psychiatric Association
English
Mental and behavioural disorders
Major revenue for APA
Provides information on disorder

ICD
World Health Organization 42 languages
All health disorders
Available free on-line
Diagnostic criteria only
Used to assess prevalence

41
Q

A clinical case formation involves…?

A

All aspects of an individual in a unified representation of who he or she is

42
Q

What are some diagnostic criteria for GAD?

A

Excessive anxiety and worry

Finds it difficult to contain the worry

The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms having been present for more days than not for the past 6 months):

1.Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge. 2.Being easily fatigued.
3.Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank. 4.Irritability.
5.Muscle tension.
6.Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep).

43
Q

What is usually seen in non-pathological anxiety?

A

Worries are perceived as MORE manageable

Worries are LESS LIKELY to be accompanied by PHYSICAL symptoms

44
Q

What is GAD prevalence?

A

Worries are perceived as MORE manageable

Worries are LESS LIKELY to be accompanied by PHYSICAL symptoms

45
Q

What is GAD onset?

A

Median age is 30 years

Many report they have been felling anxious for much longer

46
Q

What is GAD course?

A

DIFFICULT to predict

ONLY 1/3 seek out psychiatric services

Many tend to go to medical practitioners

47
Q

What is a moderator variable?

A

A variable that influences the STRENGTH of a RELATION b/w a predictor variable and a criterion variable

48
Q

What is a mediator variable?

A

A variable that explains the MECHANISM by which a predictor varaible INFLUENCES a criterion variable

49
Q

What is structural equation modelling?

A

A comprehensive statistical procedure that involves testing ALL components of a theoretical model

50
Q

Quasi-experimental designs “____ _____” contain “________ ________”

This is a large “__________” in its design

A

Do not; random assignment; weakness

***PSYCH 335- Clinical Psychology (10 decks)

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