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NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research > Week 5: Review of Literature > Flashcards

Week 5: Review of Literature Flashcards

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1
Q

Development of disciplinary knowledge is informed by what 4 things

A

education

research

theory

practice

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2
Q

Theory is a foundation for what? and it gives direction for what?

A

is a foundation for professional knowledge

it gives direction for research

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3
Q

Research

A

guided by theory

can be used to generate theory (quan v qual)

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4
Q

Quantitative research main goal is to do what compared to qualitative research

A

test theories (quan) v generate theories/hypotheses (qual)

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5
Q

Of the 4 things that inform disciplinary knowledge development, which of the 4 is needed to produce the other 3

A

Theory

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6
Q

Theory

A

an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated

used less restrictively to refer to a broad characterization of a phenomenon

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7
Q

Theories consist of what

A

2 or more concepts and a set of propositions that form a logically interrelated system, providing a mechanism for deducing hypotheses

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8
Q

Theory is ___ ___ to nursing research

A

not unique

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9
Q

Theories have more what than what?

A

evidence supporting them than contradicting them

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10
Q

Every theory should have what

A

a falsifiable hypothesis - something that could disprove the hypothesis

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11
Q

What guides practice

A

Authority (physician orders)

Tradition (policies and procedures)

Nursing Theory

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12
Q

Nursing theory is necessary for what?

A

professional autonomy

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13
Q

Without theory, practicing nurses would do what

A

only perform tasks at command of someone else (authority) or follow routines and policies (tradition)

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14
Q

___ and ___ are an endless loop.

A

Research and Theory

Theory is built by observations to construct patterns from seemingly disparate evidence made during research, and research is used to test theory

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15
Q

Conceptual Models attempt to do what

A

answer broad questions - what is nursing, what is the nursing process

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16
Q

Classical Theory

A

an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena

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17
Q

Descriptive Theory

A

1st level of theory development

A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it

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18
Q

Grand Theory

A

a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences

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19
Q

Middle Range Theory

A

a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience (ex: stress); more specific and more amenable to empirical testing

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20
Q

Conceptual Model

A

More abstract

They deal with abstractions assembled into a coherent scheme

represents a more loose structured attempt to explain phenomena than theories, and can serve as springboards for generating hypothesis

helpful for visual learners

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21
Q

Schematic Model (Map)

A

visually represents relationships among phenomena and is used in both quant and qual research

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22
Q

What is the difference between a model and theory

A

the model attempts to form abstractions into a scheme so its NOT INTENDED TO BE TESTED, DOES NOT HAVE TO BE FALSIFIABLE AND CAN SPRINGBOARD THEORY GENERATION

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23
Q

Framework

A

the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study

it is often implicit when in a study

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24
Q

What type of study is more likely to identify their framework

A

qualitative rather than quantitative

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25
Q

Theoretical Framework

A

framework based on a theory

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26
Q

Conceptual Framework

A

framework based on a conceptual model

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27
Q

What are some commonalities between theories and conceptual models

A

not discovered - created and developed inductively

use concepts as their building blocks

require conceptual definitions of key concepts

can be represented in a schematic model

are created by humans

are developed inductively

cannot be proven - only supported to greater or lesser degrees

can be used to generate hypotheses

can serve as a stimulus to research

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28
Q

___ is a raw conceptual model

A

Nursing

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29
Q

What are conceptual models of nursing

A

formal explanations of what nursing practice is including 4 central concepts to every model

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30
Q

What are the 4 central concept of each conceptual model of nursing

A
  1. Human beings
  2. Environment
  3. Health
  4. Nursing
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31
Q

What is the important Grand Theory of Conceptual models of Nursing

A

Roys Adaptation Model

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32
Q

By taking Roy’s Adaptation model (grand theory) what middle range theories were generated for nursing

A

Becks theory of Traumatic Childbirth

Mishels Uncertainty in Illness Theory

Penders Health promotion model

Kolcabas comfort theory

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33
Q

What are some shared theories (non nursing) that is commonly used in nursing research due to how new the profession is

A

Banduras Social Cognitive Theory

Prochaskas Transtheoretical Model

Beckers Health Belief Model (HBM)

Azjens Theory of Planned Behavior

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34
Q

What are some key constructs borrowed from shared theories that nursing research commonly uses

A

Self Efficacy (Social Cognitive Theory)

Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model)

Behavioral Intentions (Theory of Planned Behavior)

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35
Q

What is the major theory in Qualitative Research

A

Substantive Theory

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36
Q

Substantive Theory

A

Conceptualizations of target phenomena

theory embedded in a research tradition - grounded, ethnography, phenomenology

Used in qualitative research - can be more explicit in talk and discussion due to its rich philosophical and abstract way

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37
Q

WHat is a Grounded Theory that is a Substantive Theory

A

symbolic interactionism

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38
Q

What is an Ethnography Research Tradition that is a Substantive Theory

A

cultural theories: ideational and materialistic

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39
Q

What is a Phenomenology Research Tradition that is a Substantive Theory

A

the phenomenological philosophy of human experience

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40
Q

What things should be assumed / are theoretical underpinnings of grounded theory

A
  1. Humans act toward things based on the meanings that the things have for them
  2. The meaning of things is derived from the human interactions
  3. Meanings are handled in, and modifiable through, an interpretive process
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41
Q

What are the uses of theories or models in quantitative research

A
  1. Testing a theory through deducing hypothesis to be tested
  2. Testing a theory based intervention
  3. Using a theory/model as an organizing or interpretive structure
  4. Fitting a problem into theory, after the fact (not recommended)
    * much less explicit use than in qualitative studies*
42
Q

What are the key aspects of a nursing theory

A
  1. Construct your own
  2. Define the 4 central concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing
  3. establish what you think are the relationships between the concepts
  4. Create a visual representation of your theory
43
Q

Benner Novice to Expert Theory

A

4 stages of novice, apprentice, practitioner, expert that a person moves through during education - each having their own unique characteristics and can be applicable to practice as student –> nurse

44
Q

Orem Self Care Theory

A

Assumed people should eb self reliant and responsible for their own care and others in their family needing care

People are distinct individuals and nursing is a form of action between 2 or more people

Successfully meeting universal and development self care requisites is an important component of primary care prevention and ill health

A persons knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self care behaviors

Self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio cultural context

45
Q

Orems Self Care Theory essentially says what for nursing

A

nursing is a set of actions to shore up deficits (those who cannot do self care) - in any area where people are unable to take care of themselves is when nursing steps in

Self Care Demands –> Self Care Agency

No Self Care = Nursing Agency Steps in to tackle Deficit to Self Care Agency

46
Q

Which type of theory systematically explains relationships among phenomena

A. Classical

B. Descriptive

C. Grand Theory

  1. Middle Range Theory
A

A. Classical

Rationale: Classical theory is an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena. Descriptive theory thoroughly describes a phenomenon based on rich observations of it. Grand theory attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences. Middle-range theory focuses on a specific aspect of human experience (e.g., stress).

47
Q

T/F: Conceptual models and theoiries are similar in that both can be represented by a schematic model

A

True

Rational - A conceptual model and theory can be depicted or represented by a graphic representation or schematic model

48
Q

T/F: Parse’s Humanbecoming Paradigm is an example of a nonnursing model used by nursing researchers

A

False

Parse’s Humanbecoming Paragidm is an example of a grand theory developed by nurses

49
Q

Purpose of a Literature Review

A

To figure out what is known about any particular subject - integrates research evidence to sum up what is known and not known

Communicate the state of evidence to others

Lay the foundation for new studies

Help researchers interpret their findings

50
Q

What is another name for review of literature (ROL)

A

State of the Science

51
Q

Literature Review

A

Synthesis of existing literature/evidence

NOT a list of article summaries

“Written summary of the state of evidence on a research problem” -Research that has been done, methodologies, strengths/weaknesses of research findings, gaps in knowledge

52
Q

Literature reviews are not what

A

just a list of article synopses

53
Q

Literature reviews can be stand alone documents to….

A

explore the state of the evidence available!

54
Q

Literature Reviews are generally undertaken as a sort of what

A

background to lay foundation for the research question, methods, and conceptual framework

55
Q

Literature reviews may be used to __ a study

A

justify

56
Q

The literature review should be what?

A

Unbiased - the opinion of the research should be virtually undetectable - both sides of the “argument” should be represented in ROL

57
Q

Where is the ROL usually located

A

in the introduction or background - usually an area with tons of citations or other research

58
Q

What sort of studies are included in an ROL

A

empirical studies by nurses

empirical studies by allied health disciplines

literature supportive of conceptual and theoretical frameworks pertaining to nursing

methodological studies / literature supporting reliability and validity of selected instruments / tools

59
Q

Primary Sources

A

Written reports of research conducted by the author

person who has experienced the thing is telling about it

60
Q

Secondary Sources

A

Descriptions of research conducted by someone else

describing research done by someone else

61
Q

Literature reviews are ___ sources. Why?

A

Secondary; They add a layer of interpretation

62
Q

Principal reliance of information should be on __ sources, with ___ sources having less reliance. And then what falls below that?

A

primary; secondary; below secondary is use of clinical anecdotes, opinion articles, and case reports may broaden understanding of a problem or demonstrate a need for research

63
Q

Examples of Primary Sources

A

paintings

speeches

diary entries

autobiographies

research study\

textbook if original work

64
Q

Examples of Secondary Sources

A

commentaries

summaries

reviews

textbooks

biographies

often do not cite the work of others***

potential for distortion of findings occurs***

65
Q

Gray Literature

A

Documents not usually published commercially: Dissertation, Thesis, Conference Proceedings, Unpublished research reports with non significant findings

Falls below secondary - but can eb useful

66
Q

How to begin the search for a ROL

A

searching bibliographic databases using one of 2 approaches

67
Q

Ancestry Approach

A

Footnote chasing

Using the bibliography of a recent relevant reference to find earlier related studies (ancestors)

68
Q

Descendancy Approach

A

use a pivotal early study in citation indexes to find later studies (Descendants) that cite the pivotal study

69
Q

Most electronic searches start with a search for substantive topics initiated by entering ___

A

keywords

70
Q

Keywords do not have to be the same as the ___ ___ in the database because most search programs have ___ capabilities

A

subject headings; mapping

71
Q

For quantitative studies, keywords are usually what? For qualitative the keywords are usually what

A

quan: IV DV population
qual: central phenomenon of interest and the population

72
Q

Subject Search

A

search for topics or keywords in the database

73
Q

Textword Search

A

search for specific words (which can be keywords) in text fields of the database record (ex: in the abstract or title)

74
Q

Author Search

A

search for prominent researchers in a field

75
Q

Truncation Symbol

A

often an asterisk*

extends search term to include all forms of a root (ex: nurs* would search nurse, nurses, nursing) and is called adding the databases wildcard character to a truncated word

other wildcards could be * or $

76
Q

Boolean Operators

A

can be used to combine, restrict or broaden searches

ex: AND, OR, NOT

77
Q

AND (Boolean)

A

instructs computer to retrieve references in which two or more terms are present (e.g. obesity AND diabetes)

78
Q

OR (Boolean)

A

instructs computer to retrieve references containing ANY of 2+ terms separated by “OR” (ex: obesity OR diabetes)

79
Q

NOT (Boolean)

A

narrows a search by retrieving info for one term and not other another

80
Q

Delimiters

A

things that allow you to exclude certain studies:

ex: search within 5 years, English language only, articles available in full text, original studies only (no systematic reviews)

81
Q

Quotation Marks and Searching

A

Yields citations in which the exact phrase appears in text fields

ex: “High blood pressure” would yield overlapping but non identical results to HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

82
Q

How old is too old for research to use in an ROL

A

generally the rule is 5 years old - we want to build on current evidence

83
Q

What are the exceptions to the 5 year rule

A

little to no evidence on the research topic exists

gap in published evidence exists over a time period

“seminal” study can be >5 years - ex: classic study provides unique contribution to evidence base, Florence Nightingale, Maslow

84
Q

Key databases for nurse researchers

A

CINAHL and MEDLINE

85
Q

CINAHL

A

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature

It covers references to thousands of nursing and allied health journals as well as to books and dissertations

6 million records covering nursing and allied health literature - contains citations, abstracts (for most entries), and names of any data collection instruments

Can be used via commercial or direct website

86
Q

MEDLINE

A

Medical Literature On-Line

The premier source for bibliographic coverage of the biomedical literature

Made by US National Library of Medicine - covers 5250 nursing journals and more than 26 million records

can be accessed for free via PubMed and uses MeSH to index entries

Not nursing unique

87
Q

Volume

A

years that a journal has been published

88
Q

Issue

A

some journals publish monthly, quarterly, e tc - how many done per year

89
Q

How can paging be listed in CINAHL references? How can references be listed

A

Some do cont paging throughout the year while some separate

References may be listed as total number of references (ex: (17 ref))

90
Q

After, CINAHL and Medline what could be used to find ROL studies

A

Google Scholar

accessible and free of charge over the internet

91
Q

After identifying potentially relevant citations, the references must be …

A

screened, documented, extracted and recorded

so screen best work, document search actions and results, and extract and record notes of key information via literature review protocol

92
Q

Integrating and synthesizing information across studies for a research literature review have much in common with a qualitative analysis. In both the focus is on what?

A

Identification of Important themes - identify themes among the literature as a whole once you have your papers and things - what has been addressed and what has not been addressed

93
Q

When focusing on themes, what substantive themes are particularly important ?

A

is there a pattern

are findings predominant

how much evidence is there

how consistent is the body of evidence

what are key gaps in the body of evidence

94
Q

Methodological Themes

A

Analyzes the evidence in a literature review

what methods have been used to address the question

what are the major methodologic deficiencies and strengths

95
Q

Generalizability Themes

A

to what populations does the evidence apply

do the findings vary for different types of people

increase generalizability by repeating studies over and over in diff populations and places and does it vary among populations or not in results

96
Q

Tips for writing ROL

A

organize the material logically

write objectively

summarize in own words

use appropriate language - HAVE FOUND, etc

conclude with a concise state of the art summary of the existing evidence

97
Q

T/F: Researchers should rely heavily on secondary sources for information

A

False

Rationale: Researchers need to rely principally on primary sources (actual research reports written by those who conducted the study) for information. Secondary sources should not be considered substitutes for primary sources because secondary sources are not sufficiently detailed and may not be completely objective.

98
Q

When beginning a search for relevant evidence, the researcher uses the bibliography of a recent relevant reference to find studies. This method is called:

A. Descendancy Approach

B. Keyword Searching

C. Ancestry Approach

D. Use of Wildcards

A

C. Ancestry Approach

The ancestry approach, also called “footnote chasing,” involves the use of a bibliography in a recent and relevant reference to find earlier related studies. The descendancy approach uses a pivotal early study in citation indexes to find later studies. Keyword searching involves a search using words for the substantive topics. Wildcard characters use a truncated word with the database’s approved character.

99
Q

T/F: A “basic search” in CINAHL involves entering keywords in the search field

A

True

A basic search in CINAHL involves entering keywords in the search field (more options for expanding and limiting the search are available in the “Advanced Search” mode)

100
Q

T/F: The primary focus for analyzing the evidence in a literature review is to evaluate the quality of the evidence

A

False

The primary focus of analyzing the information in a literature review is to ID important themes

NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research (13 decks)

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