Week 5: Review of Literature Flashcards
Development of disciplinary knowledge is informed by what 4 things
education
research
theory
practice
Theory is a foundation for what? and it gives direction for what?
is a foundation for professional knowledge
it gives direction for research
Research
guided by theory
can be used to generate theory (quan v qual)
Quantitative research main goal is to do what compared to qualitative research
test theories (quan) v generate theories/hypotheses (qual)
Of the 4 things that inform disciplinary knowledge development, which of the 4 is needed to produce the other 3
Theory
Theory
an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated
used less restrictively to refer to a broad characterization of a phenomenon
Theories consist of what
2 or more concepts and a set of propositions that form a logically interrelated system, providing a mechanism for deducing hypotheses
Theory is ___ ___ to nursing research
not unique
Theories have more what than what?
evidence supporting them than contradicting them
Every theory should have what
a falsifiable hypothesis - something that could disprove the hypothesis
What guides practice
Authority (physician orders)
Tradition (policies and procedures)
Nursing Theory
Nursing theory is necessary for what?
professional autonomy
Without theory, practicing nurses would do what
only perform tasks at command of someone else (authority) or follow routines and policies (tradition)
___ and ___ are an endless loop.
Research and Theory
Theory is built by observations to construct patterns from seemingly disparate evidence made during research, and research is used to test theory
Conceptual Models attempt to do what
answer broad questions - what is nursing, what is the nursing process
Classical Theory
an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena
Descriptive Theory
1st level of theory development
A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it
Grand Theory
a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences
Middle Range Theory
a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience (ex: stress); more specific and more amenable to empirical testing
Conceptual Model
More abstract
They deal with abstractions assembled into a coherent scheme
represents a more loose structured attempt to explain phenomena than theories, and can serve as springboards for generating hypothesis
helpful for visual learners
Schematic Model (Map)
visually represents relationships among phenomena and is used in both quant and qual research
What is the difference between a model and theory
the model attempts to form abstractions into a scheme so its NOT INTENDED TO BE TESTED, DOES NOT HAVE TO BE FALSIFIABLE AND CAN SPRINGBOARD THEORY GENERATION
Framework
the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study
it is often implicit when in a study
What type of study is more likely to identify their framework
qualitative rather than quantitative
Theoretical Framework
framework based on a theory
Conceptual Framework
framework based on a conceptual model
What are some commonalities between theories and conceptual models
not discovered - created and developed inductively
use concepts as their building blocks
require conceptual definitions of key concepts
can be represented in a schematic model
are created by humans
are developed inductively
cannot be proven - only supported to greater or lesser degrees
can be used to generate hypotheses
can serve as a stimulus to research
___ is a raw conceptual model
Nursing
What are conceptual models of nursing
formal explanations of what nursing practice is including 4 central concepts to every model
What are the 4 central concept of each conceptual model of nursing
- Human beings
- Environment
- Health
- Nursing
What is the important Grand Theory of Conceptual models of Nursing
Roys Adaptation Model
By taking Roy’s Adaptation model (grand theory) what middle range theories were generated for nursing
Becks theory of Traumatic Childbirth
Mishels Uncertainty in Illness Theory
Penders Health promotion model
Kolcabas comfort theory
What are some shared theories (non nursing) that is commonly used in nursing research due to how new the profession is
Banduras Social Cognitive Theory
Prochaskas Transtheoretical Model
Beckers Health Belief Model (HBM)
Azjens Theory of Planned Behavior
What are some key constructs borrowed from shared theories that nursing research commonly uses
Self Efficacy (Social Cognitive Theory)
Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model)
Behavioral Intentions (Theory of Planned Behavior)
What is the major theory in Qualitative Research
Substantive Theory
Substantive Theory
Conceptualizations of target phenomena
theory embedded in a research tradition - grounded, ethnography, phenomenology
Used in qualitative research - can be more explicit in talk and discussion due to its rich philosophical and abstract way
WHat is a Grounded Theory that is a Substantive Theory
symbolic interactionism
What is an Ethnography Research Tradition that is a Substantive Theory
cultural theories: ideational and materialistic
What is a Phenomenology Research Tradition that is a Substantive Theory
the phenomenological philosophy of human experience
What things should be assumed / are theoretical underpinnings of grounded theory
- Humans act toward things based on the meanings that the things have for them
- The meaning of things is derived from the human interactions
- Meanings are handled in, and modifiable through, an interpretive process
What are the uses of theories or models in quantitative research
- Testing a theory through deducing hypothesis to be tested
- Testing a theory based intervention
- Using a theory/model as an organizing or interpretive structure
- Fitting a problem into theory, after the fact (not recommended)
* much less explicit use than in qualitative studies*
What are the key aspects of a nursing theory
- Construct your own
- Define the 4 central concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing
- establish what you think are the relationships between the concepts
- Create a visual representation of your theory
Benner Novice to Expert Theory
4 stages of novice, apprentice, practitioner, expert that a person moves through during education - each having their own unique characteristics and can be applicable to practice as student –> nurse
Orem Self Care Theory
Assumed people should eb self reliant and responsible for their own care and others in their family needing care
People are distinct individuals and nursing is a form of action between 2 or more people
Successfully meeting universal and development self care requisites is an important component of primary care prevention and ill health
A persons knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self care behaviors
Self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio cultural context
Orems Self Care Theory essentially says what for nursing
nursing is a set of actions to shore up deficits (those who cannot do self care) - in any area where people are unable to take care of themselves is when nursing steps in
Self Care Demands –> Self Care Agency
No Self Care = Nursing Agency Steps in to tackle Deficit to Self Care Agency
Which type of theory systematically explains relationships among phenomena
A. Classical
B. Descriptive
C. Grand Theory
- Middle Range Theory
A. Classical
Rationale: Classical theory is an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena. Descriptive theory thoroughly describes a phenomenon based on rich observations of it. Grand theory attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences. Middle-range theory focuses on a specific aspect of human experience (e.g., stress).
T/F: Conceptual models and theoiries are similar in that both can be represented by a schematic model
True
Rational - A conceptual model and theory can be depicted or represented by a graphic representation or schematic model
T/F: Parse’s Humanbecoming Paradigm is an example of a nonnursing model used by nursing researchers
False
Parse’s Humanbecoming Paragidm is an example of a grand theory developed by nurses
Purpose of a Literature Review
To figure out what is known about any particular subject - integrates research evidence to sum up what is known and not known
Communicate the state of evidence to others
Lay the foundation for new studies
Help researchers interpret their findings
What is another name for review of literature (ROL)
State of the Science
Literature Review
Synthesis of existing literature/evidence
NOT a list of article summaries
“Written summary of the state of evidence on a research problem” -Research that has been done, methodologies, strengths/weaknesses of research findings, gaps in knowledge
Literature reviews are not what
just a list of article synopses
Literature reviews can be stand alone documents to….
explore the state of the evidence available!
Literature Reviews are generally undertaken as a sort of what
background to lay foundation for the research question, methods, and conceptual framework
Literature reviews may be used to __ a study
justify
The literature review should be what?
Unbiased - the opinion of the research should be virtually undetectable - both sides of the “argument” should be represented in ROL
Where is the ROL usually located
in the introduction or background - usually an area with tons of citations or other research
What sort of studies are included in an ROL
empirical studies by nurses
empirical studies by allied health disciplines
literature supportive of conceptual and theoretical frameworks pertaining to nursing
methodological studies / literature supporting reliability and validity of selected instruments / tools
Primary Sources
Written reports of research conducted by the author
person who has experienced the thing is telling about it
Secondary Sources
Descriptions of research conducted by someone else
describing research done by someone else
Literature reviews are ___ sources. Why?
Secondary; They add a layer of interpretation
Principal reliance of information should be on __ sources, with ___ sources having less reliance. And then what falls below that?
primary; secondary; below secondary is use of clinical anecdotes, opinion articles, and case reports may broaden understanding of a problem or demonstrate a need for research
Examples of Primary Sources
paintings
speeches
diary entries
autobiographies
research study\
textbook if original work
Examples of Secondary Sources
commentaries
summaries
reviews
textbooks
biographies
often do not cite the work of others***
potential for distortion of findings occurs***
Gray Literature
Documents not usually published commercially: Dissertation, Thesis, Conference Proceedings, Unpublished research reports with non significant findings
Falls below secondary - but can eb useful
How to begin the search for a ROL
searching bibliographic databases using one of 2 approaches
Ancestry Approach
Footnote chasing
Using the bibliography of a recent relevant reference to find earlier related studies (ancestors)
Descendancy Approach
use a pivotal early study in citation indexes to find later studies (Descendants) that cite the pivotal study
Most electronic searches start with a search for substantive topics initiated by entering ___
keywords
Keywords do not have to be the same as the ___ ___ in the database because most search programs have ___ capabilities
subject headings; mapping
For quantitative studies, keywords are usually what? For qualitative the keywords are usually what
quan: IV DV population
qual: central phenomenon of interest and the population
Subject Search
search for topics or keywords in the database
Textword Search
search for specific words (which can be keywords) in text fields of the database record (ex: in the abstract or title)
Author Search
search for prominent researchers in a field
Truncation Symbol
often an asterisk*
extends search term to include all forms of a root (ex: nurs* would search nurse, nurses, nursing) and is called adding the databases wildcard character to a truncated word
other wildcards could be * or $
Boolean Operators
can be used to combine, restrict or broaden searches
ex: AND, OR, NOT
AND (Boolean)
instructs computer to retrieve references in which two or more terms are present (e.g. obesity AND diabetes)
OR (Boolean)
instructs computer to retrieve references containing ANY of 2+ terms separated by “OR” (ex: obesity OR diabetes)
NOT (Boolean)
narrows a search by retrieving info for one term and not other another
Delimiters
things that allow you to exclude certain studies:
ex: search within 5 years, English language only, articles available in full text, original studies only (no systematic reviews)
Quotation Marks and Searching
Yields citations in which the exact phrase appears in text fields
ex: “High blood pressure” would yield overlapping but non identical results to HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
How old is too old for research to use in an ROL
generally the rule is 5 years old - we want to build on current evidence
What are the exceptions to the 5 year rule
little to no evidence on the research topic exists
gap in published evidence exists over a time period
“seminal” study can be >5 years - ex: classic study provides unique contribution to evidence base, Florence Nightingale, Maslow
Key databases for nurse researchers
CINAHL and MEDLINE
CINAHL
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
It covers references to thousands of nursing and allied health journals as well as to books and dissertations
6 million records covering nursing and allied health literature - contains citations, abstracts (for most entries), and names of any data collection instruments
Can be used via commercial or direct website
MEDLINE
Medical Literature On-Line
The premier source for bibliographic coverage of the biomedical literature
Made by US National Library of Medicine - covers 5250 nursing journals and more than 26 million records
can be accessed for free via PubMed and uses MeSH to index entries
Not nursing unique
Volume
years that a journal has been published
Issue
some journals publish monthly, quarterly, e tc - how many done per year
How can paging be listed in CINAHL references? How can references be listed
Some do cont paging throughout the year while some separate
References may be listed as total number of references (ex: (17 ref))
After, CINAHL and Medline what could be used to find ROL studies
Google Scholar
accessible and free of charge over the internet
After identifying potentially relevant citations, the references must be …
screened, documented, extracted and recorded
so screen best work, document search actions and results, and extract and record notes of key information via literature review protocol
Integrating and synthesizing information across studies for a research literature review have much in common with a qualitative analysis. In both the focus is on what?
Identification of Important themes - identify themes among the literature as a whole once you have your papers and things - what has been addressed and what has not been addressed
When focusing on themes, what substantive themes are particularly important ?
is there a pattern
are findings predominant
how much evidence is there
how consistent is the body of evidence
what are key gaps in the body of evidence
Methodological Themes
Analyzes the evidence in a literature review
what methods have been used to address the question
what are the major methodologic deficiencies and strengths
Generalizability Themes
to what populations does the evidence apply
do the findings vary for different types of people
increase generalizability by repeating studies over and over in diff populations and places and does it vary among populations or not in results
Tips for writing ROL
organize the material logically
write objectively
summarize in own words
use appropriate language - HAVE FOUND, etc
conclude with a concise state of the art summary of the existing evidence
T/F: Researchers should rely heavily on secondary sources for information
False
Rationale: Researchers need to rely principally on primary sources (actual research reports written by those who conducted the study) for information. Secondary sources should not be considered substitutes for primary sources because secondary sources are not sufficiently detailed and may not be completely objective.
When beginning a search for relevant evidence, the researcher uses the bibliography of a recent relevant reference to find studies. This method is called:
A. Descendancy Approach
B. Keyword Searching
C. Ancestry Approach
D. Use of Wildcards
C. Ancestry Approach
The ancestry approach, also called “footnote chasing,” involves the use of a bibliography in a recent and relevant reference to find earlier related studies. The descendancy approach uses a pivotal early study in citation indexes to find later studies. Keyword searching involves a search using words for the substantive topics. Wildcard characters use a truncated word with the database’s approved character.
T/F: A “basic search” in CINAHL involves entering keywords in the search field
True
A basic search in CINAHL involves entering keywords in the search field (more options for expanding and limiting the search are available in the “Advanced Search” mode)
T/F: The primary focus for analyzing the evidence in a literature review is to evaluate the quality of the evidence
False
The primary focus of analyzing the information in a literature review is to ID important themes
