Qualitative Designs and Approaches Flashcards
Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design
- Flexible - capable of adjusting to what is learned during data collection
- Ongoing data analysis - benefit of subsequent strategies
- Triangulation - of various data sources
- Holistic - aimed at understanding teh whole
- Reflexive/Involvement - researchers need to be very involed and reflexive
- Emergent Design
Emergent Design
one that evolves as researchers make ongoing decisions about their data needs based on what they have already learned
3 Main Methods of Qualitative Design
Ethnography
Grounded Research
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Describes and interprets a CULTURE and cultural behavior
Culture
the way a group of people live - the patterns of activity and the symbolic structures (e.g. the values and norms) that give such activity significance
Ethnography research relies on what
extensive labor intensive FIELDWORK
Culture is inferred…
from the group’s words actions and products of its members
Assumption of Ethnography Research
Cultures guide the way people structure their experiences
Macroethnography
Focus on externally designed cultures - so larger cultures as a whole
Focused Ethnography
Focus on a smaller culture/sub-culture and group such as nurses in a department
Emic Perspective
Insider’s view - of their culture
Ethnography seeks a ____ perspective. What does this mean?
Emic Perspective: It is an insiders view of the culture and to reveal tacit knowledge - information about the culture that is deeply embedded in the culture
Ethnography data relies on…
a wide range of data sources and 3 broad types of information
What are the 3 broad types of information that ethnography relies on
- Cultural Behaviors
- Cultural Artifacts
- Cultural Speech
So with ethnography we want to learn what exactly?
very specific knowledge that is deep in a culture and is not always known on the surface to an outsider - look deep and to what is unknown to outsiders
The problem with ethnography research is…
gaining entry and identifying key informants to get a holistic portrait of culture
_____ observation is a particularly important source for ethnography as well
Participant (Researcher) Observation
The product of ethnography research is?
an in depth holistic portrait of the culture under study
The key word for ethnography is
culture
Phenomenology
Focus of qualitative research where the focus is on the description and interpretation of people’s lived experience
Phenomenology asks…
What is the ESSENCE of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people and what does it mean
Key word of phenomenology is what
Experience
Phenomenology acknowledges…
people’s physical ties to their world - “being in the world”
What is Descriptive Phenomenology
A form of phenomenology based on the philosophy of Husserl and his questions
It DESCRIBED human experience
Husserl
Asked the question “What do we know as persons” which laid the basis for descriptive phenomenology
Descriptive phenomenology insists…
on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life - a depiction of “things” as people experience them
ex: Hearing, seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and evaluating
So even experiences not focused on are looked at
Descriptive Phenomenology relies on a technique known as ____
Bracketing
Bracketing
Process of a researcher writing down their own biases and looking at them to remove the researcher’s subjective thoughts out of the way and to see a pure form of the
data/information/experience
The process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study
One form of Bracketing that is important is via a…
reflexive journal
What are the 4 phases of Descriptive Phenomenological Study
BIAD: Bracketing Intuiting Analyzing Describing
Desc. Phen.: Intuiting Phase
Occurs when the research remains open to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it
Attempting to remain open by bracketing to take the subjective experience out of it and clearly see the experience of the subject
Desc. Phen.: Analyzing Phase
extracting significant statements, categorizing, and making sense of essential meanings
Desc. Phen: Describing Phase
Defining the phenomenon
Ultimate goal of descriptive phenomenology is what?
To give the phenomenon a vivid picture similar to how its experienced by the subjects
What is Interpretive Phenomenology
A type of phenomenology based on the philosophy of Heidegger and Gadamer with hermeneutics as a basis
Gadamer and Heidegger
Students that came with the idea stating that bracketing is impossible so the best way to stay unbiased isnt to remove the subjective ideas but rather acknowledge, integrate, and approach the research from a new experience or perspective building off prio knowledge –> Known as the Hemeneutic Circle
Hermeneutic Circle
Idea of constant interpretation and constant reevaluation of your own understanding that is impossible to avoid so it is important to continuously do this and reevaluate new information
Interpretive Phenomenology has an emphasis on…
interpreting and understanding experience - not just describing it. And Bracketing down not occur
Interpretive Phenomenology relies on what sources
in depth interviews and supplementary data sources like texts and artistic expressions
Key word for Grounded Theory
Process
Grounded Theory
focus on the discovery of a basic psychological problem that a defined group of people experience
So it elucidates social psychological processes and social structures
It allows generation of theories from what we see, how people manage themselves, interact, and move through the world
Glaser and Strauss
creators of grounded theory
Grounded Theory has a number of theoretical roots such as …
symbolic interaction
What does it mean if grounded theory roots are in symbolic interaction?
It means we look at how people make sense of social interactions - and how those symbolic interactions influence behavior
Which type of qualitative research has contributed to the development of many of the middle range theories of phenomena relevant to nurses
Grounded Theory
What might primary data sources in grounded theory look like
in depth interviews with 20-30 people - may be supplemented witj observations and written documents
Data collection, data analysis, and sampling occur ___ in grounded theory
simultaneously
What is a unique procedure to grounded theory
Constant comparison - collectin data, sampling, and analyzing at the same time so processes will change based on this
Grounded theory will seek to identify a main concern or problem and then…
understand the behavior done to solve that problem
The core variable/idea of grounded theory is of behavior…
designed to resolve a problem - and this is based in basic social processes
In grounded theory we are generating theories to explain…
how people solve or resolve problems/behaviors in context of social interactions
Constant Comparison
Unique to grounded theory and used to develop and regine theoretically relevant categories
Categories elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier so that commonalities and variations can be detected
Grounded theory focus is on…
understanding a central concern or CORE VARIABLE
What explains how people come to resolve the problem or concern in grounded theory?
a BSP (Basic social process)
Strauss & Corbin v. Glaser v. Charmaz Grounded Theories
Strauss and Corbin came up with a controversial book discussing grounded theory
Following this, Glaser believed Corbin adn Strauss did not come up with a method of grounded theory but rather a “full conceptual description”
Charmaz came up witha CONSTRUCTIVIST GROUNDED THEORY (many nurse researchers use this) and regarded Glaser and Strauss’ grounded theory as having positivst roots
Some examples of Qualitative Research that does not rely on a disciplinary tradition
Case Studies
Narratve Analysis
Descriptive Qualitative Studies
Idological Perspective Studies
Case Studies
Focus on a thorough description and explanation of a single case or smaller number of cases - either individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities
Data often collected over an extended period of time
For unique situations
Narrative Analysis
Texts that provide detailed stories are sometimes analyzed through narrative analysis - this is looking at the narratives themselves to find out how the people who wrote them viewed themselves
Lets you know who wrote the story and why it was written that way
Descriptive Qualitative Studies
Similar to Phenomenology
Eclectic
Based on general premises of constructivist inquiry
Seek to holistically describe phenomena as they are perceived by the people who experience them - so they may do a content analysis for example of narrative data with the intent of understanding important themes and patterns
Critical Theory Research
A type of qualitative study of ideological perspective
Concerned with a critique of existing social structures and with envisioning new possibilities - wants effective social change in a culture
Includes Critical Ethnography
Critical Ethnography
Focus on raising consciousness in the hope of affecting social change
TRANSFORMATION is a key objective - as critical ethnographers attempt to increase the political dimensions of cultural research and undermine oppressive systems
It involves looking critically at how culture functions, looking from the outside, et, and know how to make things better and transform systems
What sets normal ethnography and critical ethnogrpahy apart
CE has the goal of systemic transformation
Feminist Research
A qual research with ideological perspective
Similar to critical, but focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women’s lives and their consciousness
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
A qual research with ideological perspective
Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression
What process is associated with descriptive phenomenology?
A. Emic Perspective
B. Bracketing
C. Fieldwork
D. Lived human relation
B. Bracketing
Rationale:Descriptive phenomenology involves 4 steps: first is bracketing. Emic perspective and fieldwork are associated with ethnography and lived human relation is characteristic of phenomenology in general
T/F: When applying grounded theory methods, the research obtains the sample first and then collects data
False
Rationale: When using grounded theory methods, data collection analysis and sampling are simultaneous
Which phrase best describes the key objective of critical theory research?
A. Long term data collection
B. Gender domination
C. Transformation
D. Vulnerable groups
C. Transformation
Rationale: A key objective of critical theory research is transformation. Data collection over time is common in case studies. The effect of gender domination and discrimination is associated with feminist research. Groups or communities vulnerable to control or oppression are associated with participatory action research
