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NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research > Qualitative Designs and Approaches > Flashcards

Qualitative Designs and Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design

A
  1. Flexible - capable of adjusting to what is learned during data collection
  2. Ongoing data analysis - benefit of subsequent strategies
  3. Triangulation - of various data sources
  4. Holistic - aimed at understanding teh whole
  5. Reflexive/Involvement - researchers need to be very involed and reflexive
  6. Emergent Design
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2
Q

Emergent Design

A

one that evolves as researchers make ongoing decisions about their data needs based on what they have already learned

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3
Q

3 Main Methods of Qualitative Design

A

Ethnography

Grounded Research

Phenomenology

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4
Q

Ethnography

A

Describes and interprets a CULTURE and cultural behavior

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5
Q

Culture

A

the way a group of people live - the patterns of activity and the symbolic structures (e.g. the values and norms) that give such activity significance

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6
Q

Ethnography research relies on what

A

extensive labor intensive FIELDWORK

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7
Q

Culture is inferred…

A

from the group’s words actions and products of its members

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8
Q

Assumption of Ethnography Research

A

Cultures guide the way people structure their experiences

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9
Q

Macroethnography

A

Focus on externally designed cultures - so larger cultures as a whole

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10
Q

Focused Ethnography

A

Focus on a smaller culture/sub-culture and group such as nurses in a department

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11
Q

Emic Perspective

A

Insider’s view - of their culture

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12
Q

Ethnography seeks a ____ perspective. What does this mean?

A

Emic Perspective: It is an insiders view of the culture and to reveal tacit knowledge - information about the culture that is deeply embedded in the culture

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13
Q

Ethnography data relies on…

A

a wide range of data sources and 3 broad types of information

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14
Q

What are the 3 broad types of information that ethnography relies on

A
  1. Cultural Behaviors
  2. Cultural Artifacts
  3. Cultural Speech
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15
Q

So with ethnography we want to learn what exactly?

A

very specific knowledge that is deep in a culture and is not always known on the surface to an outsider - look deep and to what is unknown to outsiders

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16
Q

The problem with ethnography research is…

A

gaining entry and identifying key informants to get a holistic portrait of culture

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17
Q

_____ observation is a particularly important source for ethnography as well

A

Participant (Researcher) Observation

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18
Q

The product of ethnography research is?

A

an in depth holistic portrait of the culture under study

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19
Q

The key word for ethnography is

A

culture

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20
Q

Phenomenology

A

Focus of qualitative research where the focus is on the description and interpretation of people’s lived experience

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21
Q

Phenomenology asks…

A

What is the ESSENCE of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people and what does it mean

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22
Q

Key word of phenomenology is what

A

Experience

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23
Q

Phenomenology acknowledges…

A

people’s physical ties to their world - “being in the world”

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24
Q

What is Descriptive Phenomenology

A

A form of phenomenology based on the philosophy of Husserl and his questions

It DESCRIBED human experience

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25
Q

Husserl

A

Asked the question “What do we know as persons” which laid the basis for descriptive phenomenology

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26
Q

Descriptive phenomenology insists…

A

on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life - a depiction of “things” as people experience them

ex: Hearing, seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and evaluating

So even experiences not focused on are looked at

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27
Q

Descriptive Phenomenology relies on a technique known as ____

A

Bracketing

28
Q

Bracketing

A

Process of a researcher writing down their own biases and looking at them to remove the researcher’s subjective thoughts out of the way and to see a pure form of the
data/information/experience

The process of identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study

29
Q

One form of Bracketing that is important is via a…

A

reflexive journal

30
Q

What are the 4 phases of Descriptive Phenomenological Study

A 
BIAD:
Bracketing
Intuiting
Analyzing
Describing
31
Q

Desc. Phen.: Intuiting Phase

A

Occurs when the research remains open to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it

Attempting to remain open by bracketing to take the subjective experience out of it and clearly see the experience of the subject

32
Q

Desc. Phen.: Analyzing Phase

A

extracting significant statements, categorizing, and making sense of essential meanings

33
Q

Desc. Phen: Describing Phase

A

Defining the phenomenon

34
Q

Ultimate goal of descriptive phenomenology is what?

A

To give the phenomenon a vivid picture similar to how its experienced by the subjects

35
Q

What is Interpretive Phenomenology

A

A type of phenomenology based on the philosophy of Heidegger and Gadamer with hermeneutics as a basis

36
Q

Gadamer and Heidegger

A

Students that came with the idea stating that bracketing is impossible so the best way to stay unbiased isnt to remove the subjective ideas but rather acknowledge, integrate, and approach the research from a new experience or perspective building off prio knowledge –> Known as the Hemeneutic Circle

37
Q

Hermeneutic Circle

A

Idea of constant interpretation and constant reevaluation of your own understanding that is impossible to avoid so it is important to continuously do this and reevaluate new information

38
Q

Interpretive Phenomenology has an emphasis on…

A

interpreting and understanding experience - not just describing it. And Bracketing down not occur

39
Q

Interpretive Phenomenology relies on what sources

A

in depth interviews and supplementary data sources like texts and artistic expressions

40
Q

Key word for Grounded Theory

A

Process

41
Q

Grounded Theory

A

focus on the discovery of a basic psychological problem that a defined group of people experience

So it elucidates social psychological processes and social structures

It allows generation of theories from what we see, how people manage themselves, interact, and move through the world

42
Q

Glaser and Strauss

A

creators of grounded theory

43
Q

Grounded Theory has a number of theoretical roots such as …

A

symbolic interaction

44
Q

What does it mean if grounded theory roots are in symbolic interaction?

A

It means we look at how people make sense of social interactions - and how those symbolic interactions influence behavior

45
Q

Which type of qualitative research has contributed to the development of many of the middle range theories of phenomena relevant to nurses

A

Grounded Theory

46
Q

What might primary data sources in grounded theory look like

A

in depth interviews with 20-30 people - may be supplemented witj observations and written documents

47
Q

Data collection, data analysis, and sampling occur ___ in grounded theory

A

simultaneously

48
Q

What is a unique procedure to grounded theory

A

Constant comparison - collectin data, sampling, and analyzing at the same time so processes will change based on this

49
Q

Grounded theory will seek to identify a main concern or problem and then…

A

understand the behavior done to solve that problem

50
Q

The core variable/idea of grounded theory is of behavior…

A

designed to resolve a problem - and this is based in basic social processes

51
Q

In grounded theory we are generating theories to explain…

A

how people solve or resolve problems/behaviors in context of social interactions

52
Q

Constant Comparison

A

Unique to grounded theory and used to develop and regine theoretically relevant categories

Categories elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier so that commonalities and variations can be detected

53
Q

Grounded theory focus is on…

A

understanding a central concern or CORE VARIABLE

54
Q

What explains how people come to resolve the problem or concern in grounded theory?

A

a BSP (Basic social process)

55
Q

Strauss & Corbin v. Glaser v. Charmaz Grounded Theories

A

Strauss and Corbin came up with a controversial book discussing grounded theory

Following this, Glaser believed Corbin adn Strauss did not come up with a method of grounded theory but rather a “full conceptual description”

Charmaz came up witha CONSTRUCTIVIST GROUNDED THEORY (many nurse researchers use this) and regarded Glaser and Strauss’ grounded theory as having positivst roots

56
Q

Some examples of Qualitative Research that does not rely on a disciplinary tradition

A

Case Studies

Narratve Analysis

Descriptive Qualitative Studies

Idological Perspective Studies

57
Q

Case Studies

A

Focus on a thorough description and explanation of a single case or smaller number of cases - either individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities

Data often collected over an extended period of time

For unique situations

58
Q

Narrative Analysis

A

Texts that provide detailed stories are sometimes analyzed through narrative analysis - this is looking at the narratives themselves to find out how the people who wrote them viewed themselves

Lets you know who wrote the story and why it was written that way

59
Q

Descriptive Qualitative Studies

A

Similar to Phenomenology

Eclectic

Based on general premises of constructivist inquiry

Seek to holistically describe phenomena as they are perceived by the people who experience them - so they may do a content analysis for example of narrative data with the intent of understanding important themes and patterns

60
Q

Critical Theory Research

A

A type of qualitative study of ideological perspective

Concerned with a critique of existing social structures and with envisioning new possibilities - wants effective social change in a culture

Includes Critical Ethnography

61
Q

Critical Ethnography

A

Focus on raising consciousness in the hope of affecting social change

TRANSFORMATION is a key objective - as critical ethnographers attempt to increase the political dimensions of cultural research and undermine oppressive systems

It involves looking critically at how culture functions, looking from the outside, et, and know how to make things better and transform systems

62
Q

What sets normal ethnography and critical ethnogrpahy apart

A

CE has the goal of systemic transformation

63
Q

Feminist Research

A

A qual research with ideological perspective

Similar to critical, but focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women’s lives and their consciousness

64
Q

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

A

A qual research with ideological perspective

Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression

65
Q

What process is associated with descriptive phenomenology?

A. Emic Perspective
B. Bracketing
C. Fieldwork
D. Lived human relation

A

B. Bracketing

Rationale:Descriptive phenomenology involves 4 steps: first is bracketing. Emic perspective and fieldwork are associated with ethnography and lived human relation is characteristic of phenomenology in general

66
Q

T/F: When applying grounded theory methods, the research obtains the sample first and then collects data

A

False

Rationale: When using grounded theory methods, data collection analysis and sampling are simultaneous

67
Q

Which phrase best describes the key objective of critical theory research?

A. Long term data collection
B. Gender domination
C. Transformation
D. Vulnerable groups

A

C. Transformation

Rationale: A key objective of critical theory research is transformation. Data collection over time is common in case studies. The effect of gender domination and discrimination is associated with feminist research. Groups or communities vulnerable to control or oppression are associated with participatory action research

NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research (13 decks)

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