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NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research > Week 1 - Nursing Research & Qual/Quan Data > Flashcards

Week 1 - Nursing Research & Qual/Quan Data Flashcards

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1
Q

Research

A

systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems

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2
Q

Nursing Research

A

systematic inquiry to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clients (humans)

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3
Q

Clinical Nursing Research

A

nursing research designed to guide nursing practice

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4
Q

Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

A

the use of the best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions

the basis for nursing decisions at the bedside and in clinical practice; influences many recent clinical practice changes

produces decisions that are clinically appropriate, cost-effective, and result in positive client outcomes

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5
Q

Around when did the explosion of EBP begin to be used in medicine

A

1970s

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6
Q

What groups priorities can drive what the nursing profession is looking to ask questions about?

A

NINR - national institute of nursing research

they provide the funding on what they deem valuable research

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7
Q

What are some current and future directions for nursing research

A

continued focus on EBP

ongoing growth of research synthesis

increased emphasis on patient centeredness

relatedly, greater interest in the applicability of research

expanded local research and quality improvement efforts in health care settings

increased focus on health disparities

growing interest in defining and ascertaining clinical significance

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8
Q

Just because something is statistically significant…

A

may not mean it is clinically significant

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9
Q

What are some of NINR’s areas of focus in nursing research

A

Symptom science - promoting personalized health strategies

Wellness - promoting health and preventing disease

Self Management - improving quality of life for individuals with chronic illness

end of life and palliative care - the science of compassion

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10
Q

What are some knowledge sources for nursing practice

A

tradition and “experts” - this is where knowledge originates from

clinical experience and trial-and-error

disciplined research - the best method of acquiring reliable knowledge; Evidence based findings - hopefully can be free from bias

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11
Q

Paradigm

A

worldview or general perspective of the world’s complexities

“a model in our head”

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12
Q

Assumption

A

a principle that is believed to be true without verification

Assumptions are principles we believe to be true WITHOUT verification

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13
Q

What are the 2 key paradigms for nursing research

A

Positivist Paradigm

Constructivist Paradigm

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14
Q

Positivism (Positivist Pardigm)

A

“There are absolute laws in the world”

Belief in absolute laws that are always true like gravity, and we rely on these laws and not just believe something as it just is

Belief of an objective reality

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15
Q

What is positivism research like

A

Generalization is the purpose

The goal is to exert as much control over the research setting as possible to see if we can see something happen and be confident in believing it is due to the independent variable

The researcher can become independent from those being studied, their biases are checked and objective, they use discrete concept and fixed design while exerting control

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16
Q

Positivist research collects ___ information

A

quantifiable (quantitative)

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17
Q

Since positivism collects quantitative data, it is a ___ process

A

Deductive (Hypothesis Testing)

If I do X then Y will occur

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18
Q

Constructivism (Constructivist Paradigm)

A

The idea of no objective reality - knowledge does not truly exist we make it up based on experience - prominent theory in the 19th CE

Belief reality is subjective and we construct it

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19
Q

What is Constructivist research like

A

it is impossible for the researcher to separate from surroundings - so they end up interacting

There are multiple realities so everything is subjective to the researcher

subjectivity is desirable and the focus is on the non quantifiable

purpose is insight and in depth understanding of the multiple realities - we want to explore and find more information not find laws

the design can be flexible and emergent

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20
Q

Constructivist research collects ___ information

A

qualitative

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21
Q

Since constructivism collects qualitative data, it is a __ process

A

inductive process - hypothesis generation

we are making more hypotheses not testing ones we already have

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22
Q

Are either paradigm wrong?

A

No they are both correct and exist - but as we continue to research we must choose which to follow more closely based on the approach and questions we have

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23
Q

Overall quantitative research is more closely allied with ___ tradition while qualitative research is associated with ___ tradition

A

positivist; constructivist

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24
Q

Research Methods

A

the techniques used to structure a study and to gather, analyze, and interpret information

includes qualitative and quantitative research

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25
Q

Do Positivists and Constructivists always have to follow quantitative and qualitative research methods respectively?

A

No it all depends

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26
Q

What are some common features shared among both paradigms?

A
  1. Ultimate Goal - increased knowledge
  2. External Evidence - words or numbers, both are external still
  3. Reliance on Human Cooperation
  4. Ethical Constraints
  5. Fallibility - neither is perfect
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27
Q

What are the various levels of explanation that research can answer

A

Identification

Description

Exploration

Prediction and Control

Explanation

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28
Q

Identification Level

A

what is the phenomenon? what is its name?

Qualitative

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29
Q

Description Level

A

How prevalent is the phenomenon (quan)

what are the dimensions or characteristics of the phenomenon (qual)

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30
Q

Exploration level

A

What factors are related to the phenomenon (quan)

What is the full nature of the phenomenon (qual)

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31
Q

Prediction/Control Level

A

If phenomenon X occurs, will phenomenon Y follow? Can the phenomenon be prevented (Quan)

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32
Q

Explanation Level

A

What is the underlying cause of the phenomenon (Quan)

What does the phenomenon mean (Qual)

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33
Q

Why does nursing research relate to use regardless of if we join in the research

A

We will consume research regardless as a function of clinical practice

Part of a nurses professional responsibilities is to evaluate and critique research to determine its worth

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34
Q

Overall nursing research can…

A

better patient outcomes in the end

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35
Q

How does the terminology for quantitative and qualitative research differ regarding the “Person contributing information”

A

Quantitative: Subject, Participant, Respondent

Qualitative: Study participant, Informant, Phenomena

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36
Q

How does the terminology for quantitative and qualitative research differ regarding “What is being investigated”?

A

Both: Concepts and Constructs

Quantitative: Variables

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37
Q

Why does qualitative research not have an equivalent to the quantitative research’s word of “variable”?

A

Because qualitative, by definition, means we do not know what we do not know, so we cannot know what we are going to find so we cannot define a variable

38
Q

How does the terminology for quantitative and qualitative research differ regarding “Information gathered”?

A

Quantitative: Data expressed NUMERICALLY

Qualitative: Data is expressed as WORDS

This is a key difference between the two

39
Q

How does the terminology for quantitative and qualitative research differ regarding “Connections Studied”?

A

Quantitative: Relationships (we want to see a causal)

Qualitative: Patterns of Association

40
Q

Study (Investigation)

A

Addressing a research question

41
Q

Study Subject -or- Participant

A

people being studied or cooperating in quantitative study

42
Q

Informants

A

people cooperating in qualitative study

43
Q

Researchers or INvestigators

A

person who conducts the research

44
Q

Study Site

A

the overall location for a study (e.g. Portland)

45
Q

Multisite Studies

A

studies occurring at multiple study sites

tend to yield more diverse groups of study participants potentially enhancing the generalizability of findings

46
Q

Concepts

A

Abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior or characteristics (ex: pain, weight) in quantitative studies

Word description of a thing that exists in the world (ex: A chair) - we have a concept of a chair but chairs can be a little different so there is an infinite variation of the chair and its concept as long as it meets the basic outlines we have for it

In research this must be described like with pain and weight and it may need to be defined depending on the question being asked (like is it emotional pain, physical, etc)

47
Q

Phenomena

A

abstracts in qualitative studies

“a thing that happened”

48
Q

Constructs

A

slightly more complex abstractions (ex: self care)

Even MORE abstract than concepts

49
Q

What is a good rule of thumb for using construct v concept?

A

Use concept to describe a word description of something that exists in nature, but if something does not exist in nature (like self care or wellness) then use construct

50
Q

Theories

A

knit concepts into a coherent system that purports to explain phenomena

Knitting together a concept system in order to explain and predict outcomes

51
Q

Variable

A

a characteristic or quality that takes on different values, that is, that varies from one person to the next

associated with quantitative studies

ex: Blood type, weight, length of stay in hospital

52
Q

The term ___ is used almost exclusively in quantitative research

A

variable

53
Q

Types of Variables

A

Inherent v Created

Independent

Dependent

54
Q

Inherent Variable

A

a variable that cannot be changed

55
Q

Created Variable

A

a research created this variable

56
Q

Independent Variable

A

the presumed cause of a dependent variable outcome

this is the one we manipulate in quantitative research

57
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the presumed effect of an independent variable

The “ Outcome Variable “

Ex: Smoking (IV) Cancer (DV)

58
Q

IV and DV terms can be used to indicated what rather than cause and effect

A

direction of influence

59
Q

Conceptual Definitions

A

the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied

becomes more important the more abstract the concept is

60
Q

Operational Definitions

A

the operations (measurements) a researcher must perform to measure the concept and collect the desired information

always important regardless of abstractness and needs to be consistent and always included

61
Q

Data

A

(Singular - Datum)

The pieces of information researchers collect in a study

ex: Quan researchers collect numeric data and Qual researchers collect narrative (verbal) data

62
Q

How may quantitative and qualitative questioning look different regarding “pain”

A

Qualitative - words - “can you tell me about your pain?”

Quantitative - numbers - can you rate your pain on a scale of 0-10…

63
Q

Relationship

A

a bond or connection between phenomena

64
Q

Important types of relationships

A

Cause and Effect

Associative

Qualitative

65
Q

Cause and Effect Relationship

A

(Causal) relationship

ex: Cig smoking and lung cancer

Quan. looked for this and things can usually be manipulated

66
Q

Associative Relationship

A

(Functional) Relationship

ex: Gender and life expectancy

We do not have control over these things though so the researcher cannot feasibly or ethically assign the variables

There are also many confounding variables present - ex: hormones, social behavior, and the like for gender and life expectancy

67
Q

Qualitative Relationship (Study of Pattern)

A

Qualitative researchers may seek patterns of association as a way of illuminating the underlying meaning and dimensionality of phenomena of interest

Look for patterns to find meaning, it is open ended, without a hypothesis, and we cannot know what we do not know

68
Q

What are the types of Quantitative Research studies?

A

Experimental and Non experimental

69
Q

Experimental Research

A

Quan Study

Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment most often to address therapy questions

Called “CLINICAL TRIALS” in med research

Tests causal relationships

This has to do with the researcher making changes in the IV to measure DV outcomes and see potential causal relationships

70
Q

Nonexperimental Research

A

Quan Study

Researchers collect data without intervening or introducing treatments

“Observational Studies” in med research

We check what exists in nature when we cannot manipulate and look at Associative (Correlational) Relationships

71
Q

What are the types of Qualitative research studies

A

Grounded Theory Research

Phenomenological Research

Ethnographic Research

72
Q

Grounded Theory Research

A

Qual Study

Seeks to understand key social psychological processes that are grounded in reality

Social processes is the key word - we want to know how people move through social situations and the ultimate purpose is to generate a hypothesis

73
Q

Phenomenological Research

A

Qual Study

Focuses on the lived experiences of humans

It is a descriptive and narrative research

It focuses what the meaning of phenomenon and the essence of phenomenon as it is experienced by people

74
Q

Ethnographic research

A

Qual Study

Focuses on the patterns and lifeways of a cultural group and strives to learn from members of a cultural group to understand their worldview and to describe customs and norms

Looks at CULTURE - macro or micro

75
Q

What are the 5 phases of a quantitative study

A
  1. Conceptual Phase
  2. Designs and Planning Phase
  3. Empirical Phase
  4. Analytic Phase
  5. Dissemination Phase
76
Q

What phases of quantitative study occur before even leaving the office or brain

A

Phase 1 and 2

Everything needs to be decided - quantitative research cannot be changed mid stream

77
Q

Steps during Phase 1 (Conceptual) of Quantitative Study

A
  1. Formulating/Delimiting the problem
  2. Reviewing related literature
  3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork
  4. Defining the framework and developing conceptual definitions
  5. Formulating hypotheses
78
Q

Steps during Phase 2 (Designs and Planning) of Quantitative Study

A
  1. Selecting a research design
  2. Developing intervention protocols
  3. ID the population
  4. Desiging the sampling plan
  5. Specifying methods to measure variables and collect data
  6. Developing methods to protect human/animal rights
  7. Reviewing and finalizing the research plan
79
Q

Steps during Phase 3 (Empirical) of Quantitative Study

A
  1. Collecting data

14. Preparing data for analysis (ex: Coding the data)

80
Q

Steps during Phase 4 (Analytic) of Quantitative Study

A
  1. Analyzing the data (through statistical analysis)

16. Interpreting Results

81
Q

Steps during Phase 5 (Dissemination) of Quantitative Study

A
  1. Communicating the findings in a research report (ex: in a journal article)
  2. Putting the evidence into practice
82
Q

What is different about Qualitative Study design as compared to quantitative study design

A

Qualitative researchers continually examine and interpret data, and make decisions about how to proceed based on what has been discovered

Everything is always changeable and mead able at any point in the study

The design of the study is emergent and appears from data that tis gathered

83
Q

What activities are done for a qualitative study when conceptualizing and planning the study

A

Identifying the research problem

doing a literature review

selecting sites and gaining entrée

developing an overall approach

addressing ethical issues (safeguard participants)

deciding what type of data to gather and how to gather them

deciding from whom to collect the data

deciding how to enhance trustworthiness

84
Q

What activities are done for a qualitative study when conducting the study

A

UNDERTAKING INTERATIVE ACTIVITIES THROUGH EMERGENT DESIGN: (Fluid and Meadable design)

Making sampling decisions

Deciding what questions to ask

collecting data

evaluating integrity and quality

analyzing and interpreting data

making new decisions

communicating findings

utilizing findings in practice and future research

85
Q

A nurse researcher is conducting a quantitative study to determine protocols for triaging patients in the emergency department. Which term is generally associated with this type of research?

A. Phenomena

B. Subject

C. Pattern of Association

D. Inductive Reasoning

A

B. Subject

Rationale. The person contributing information in a quantitative study is called the subject. In the qualitative study, this person is called the study participant, informant, or key informant. That which is investigated is called a concept in quantitative studies and concept or phenomena in qualitative studies. Pattern of association and inductive reasoning are qualitative terms. Relationships and deductive reasoning are quantitative terms.

86
Q

Tell whether the following statement is True or False:

Researchers involved in quantitative research commonly engage in fieldwork.

A

False

Rationale: Researchers engage in fieldwork when performing qualitative studies.

87
Q

What is the best description of a dependent variable?

A. Outcome being measured

B. A person’s gender

C. Presumed cause

D. Measurements performed

A

A. Outcome being measured

Rationale: The dependent variable is the presumed effect or outcome of an independent variable (the presumed cause). Gender typically is a categorical variable. The operations (measurements) to be performed for data collection refer to the operational definition of a variable.

88
Q

Tell whether the following statement is True or False:

Clinical trials are an example of observational research in medicine

A

False

Rationale: Clinical trials are a form of experimental research in medicine. Observational research is nonexperimental research in medicine.

89
Q

What is an example of a question that researchers ask when using phenomenology during qualitative research?

A. What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people?

B. What are the psychological phases that characterize a particular event?

C. What are the patterns and lifeways of a defined cultural group?

D. What is the core variable that explains what is happening in the social scene?

A

A. What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people?

Rationale: The phenomenological researcher asks the questions What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people? or What is the meaning of the phenomenon to those who experience it? The focus of most grounded theory studies is on a developing social experience—the social and psychological phases that characterize a particular event or episode. Ethnography provides a framework for studying the patterns and lifeways of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion.

90
Q

Which action would be performed first when designing and planning a quantitative study?

A. Developing intervention protocols

B. Identifying the population

C. Designing the sampling plan

D. Formulating a research design

A

D. Formulating a research design

Rationale: The first step in designing and planning a quantitative study is formulating a research design. This is followed by developing intervention protocols, identifying the population, and designing the sampling plan.

NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research (13 decks)

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