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NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research > Understanding the Analysis of Qualitative Data > Flashcards

Understanding the Analysis of Qualitative Data Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the rules for analyzing qualitative data?

A

There is no universal rules - no one way to do an analysis

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2
Q

What is qualitative analysis like

A

it is very labor intensive

requires creativity

arguably harder than quantitative analysis but easier to understand

oftentimes in teams to work

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3
Q

What is the most important thing to do at the start of qualitative analysis to allow for data management and organization

A

develop a coding scheme for coding your qualitative data

It involves looking at data for underlying concepts

You can do this via manual methods of organization like conceptual files and coding or computerized methods like CAQDAS and ATLUSTI

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4
Q

What are some common coding schemes to choose from

A

Descriptive Coding

Process Coding

Concept Coding

In Vivo Coding

Holistic Coding

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5
Q

Descriptive Coding

A

Uses mainly nouns as codes and is often used by beginnin qualitative researchers

takes the big piece of data and compresses it into a small code

ex: “The other day we ran out of everything and we had to go to a church and get food” –> Code: Food pantry use

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6
Q

Does descriptive coding give insight into the meaning of data

A

no it does not give much insight into meaning

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7
Q

Process Coding

A

Often involves using gerunds (verbs ending in -ing researchers use as nouns) as codes to connote action and observable activity in the data

ex: “The other day we ran out of everything and we had to go to a church and get food” –> Code: Dealing with food shortages

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8
Q

Concept Coding

A

involves using a word or phrase to represent symbolically a broad meaning beyond observable facts or bheaviors

the codes are usually nouns or gerunds

ex: The other day we ran out of everything and we had to go to a church and get food –> Code: Coping with the risk of hunger

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9
Q

In Vivo Coding

A

involves using participant generated words and phrases

Ex: The other day we ran out of everything and we had to go to a church and get food –> Code: Ran out of everything; had to go to a churhc for food

Direct quotation coding

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10
Q

What coding type is often the initial coding used in many grounded theory studies

A

In Vivo Coding

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11
Q

Holistic Coding

A

involves using codes to grasp broad ideas in large “chunks” of data rather than coding smaller segments

Ex: “I but on deals. I learned how to, you know, what to buy and what not to buy. Where to shop where to look for sales/ Ill go to all the sotres and I clip coupons from the paper and stuff but sometimes that is not enough the other day we ran out of everything and we had to go to a church and get food” –> Code: Food management strategies

Involves reducing a large chunk into a small code of theme

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12
Q

Once a coding scheme is developed what happens?

A

the data are read in their entirety and coded for correspondence to the categories

one paragraph may even have 3-4 codes

the researchs may modify the initial coding scheme with new ideas for new codes as well - it can take a long time

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13
Q

Are analytic procedures of qualitative studies universally used?

A

No the procedures used are unique to each study, but the qualitative analysis puts segments together into meaningful conceptual patterns

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14
Q

What is the basic, non universal way, to start qualitative analysis?

A
  1. ID broad categories
    - cluster codes that are connected conceptually
  2. ID themes
    - pattern them into smaller more manageable bits of data
  3. Final analysis - Weave the thematic pieces into an integrated whole to provide overall structure to the data
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15
Q

Theme

A

an abstract entity that brings meaning and identity to a current experience and its variant manifestations

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16
Q

Themes are never ____

A

universal

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17
Q

Some researchers use ____ as an analytic strategy, which are symbolic comparisons, using figurative language to envoke visual analogies

A

metaphors

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18
Q

Qualitative Content Analysis

A

analyzing the content of narrative data to ID prominent themes and patterns across them

Involves breaking down data into smaller (meaning) units

May involve taking the manifest content and analyzing the latent content

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19
Q

Meaning Units

A

the smallest segment of a text that contains a recognizable piece of information

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20
Q

Manifest Content

A

Content of what the text ACTUALLY SAYS

so if the person is saying they went to church for food that is the exact content

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21
Q

Latent Content

A

content that is an interpretation of meaning

ex: If they say they went to church for food it may be understood as poverty, famine, etc

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22
Q

What is always needed fr latent content to occur

A

manifest content

you cant have the latent without the manifest

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23
Q

Thematic Analysis

A

Braun and Clarke

This is an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analyzing qualitative data seen as a foundational method for qualitative analysis

involves 6 phases

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24
Q

6 Phases of Thematic Analysis

A
  1. Familiarize oneself with the data
  2. Generate initial codes
  3. Search for themes
  4. Reviewing the themes
  5. Defining and naming the themes
  6. Producing the report
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25
Q

Ethnographic Analysis

A

Ethnographers continually look for patterns in the behavior and thoughts of participants, comparing pattern against another

The ethnographer analyzes data for deeper undertanding of the culture being looked at

Uses maps, flowcharts, organizational charts, matrices to help highlight a comparison graphically and discover emerging patterns

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26
Q

What is the main method of ethnographic analysis

A

Spradley’s Method

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27
Q

Spradley’s Method

A

ethnographic analysis

involves 4 levels of data analysis that leads to discovery of cultural meaning

28
Q

What are the 4 levels of Spradley’s Method

A
  1. Domain Analysis
  2. Taxonomic Analysis
  3. Componential Analysis
  4. Theme Analysis
29
Q

Domain Analysis

A

Broadest level of Spradley’s method (#1)

Involves lookling at domains - broad categories representing units of cultural knowledge - and ethnographers ID relational patterns among the domain terms that are used by members of the culture

So, the ethnographer will focus on cultural meaning of terms and symbols (Objects and events) used in a culture and their interrelationships

TERMS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THAT CULTURE AND HOW THEY RELATE TO EACH OTHER

30
Q

Taxonomic Analysis

A

2/Second level of Spradleys Method

Ethnographers decide how many domains the analysis will encompass and after making a decision, a TAXONOMY is developed to illustrate the internal organization of a larger domain

31
Q

Domain

A

broad categories that represent units of cultural knowledge

32
Q

Taxonomy

A

a system of classifying and organizing terms

33
Q

Componential Analysis

A

3/ Third level of Spradleys Method

Multiple relationships among terms in the domains are examined - the ethnographer analyzes data for similarities and differences among cultural terms in a domain

34
Q

Theme Analysis

A

4/Fourth level of Spradleys Method

Cultural themes are uncovered - domains are connected in cultural themes, which help to provide a holistic view of the culture being studied

35
Q

What is the final outcome of Spradley’s Method

A

the discovery of cultural meaning

36
Q

What are the 3 broad schools of phenomenological analysis

A
  1. Duquesne School (Descriptive Phenomenology)
  2. Utrecht School (Descriptive and Interpretive Phenomenology)
  3. Heideggerian Hermeneutics (Interpretive)
37
Q

What 3 ideas and researchers came from the Duquesne School of Phenomenological Analysis

A
  1. Colaizzi - Validation of results by the participants
  2. Giorgi - It is inappropriate to return to study participants to validate findings or to use external judges looking at the content
  3. Van Kaam - phen. analysis needs intersubjective agreement that is reached with other judges (those outside the study)
38
Q

What is the Utrecht School of Phenomenological Analysis

A

Van Manen

Combines descriptive and interpretive phenomenology and provides 3 methods of approach: Holistic, Details, and Selective

39
Q

Holistic Method of Phenomenological Analysis

A

Ultrecht School

View texts from the study as a whole and interpreting meaning from the entire text (Captures meaning from the entire paragraph as a whole)

40
Q

Details Method of Phenomenological Analysis

A

Ultrecht School

Go line by line and analyze every single sentence

41
Q

Selective Method of Phenomenological Research

A

Picking and choosing what you think is essential to the experience of the study

42
Q

Benner’s Hermeneutic Analysis

A

Allows studying experimental traditions and cultures that shape normal everyday practices

Involves searching for paradigm cases, performing thematic analysis and then analyzing exemplars

43
Q

When is Benner’s Hermeneutic Analysis usually used

A

early in the qualitative process in order to gain understanding

44
Q

Paradigm Cases

A

strong instances of concerns or ways of being in the world

They undergo thematic analysis to compare and contrast similarities among them in Hermeneutic Analysis

45
Q

Grounded Theory Analysis is purely…

A

social; how people behave in relation to one another

46
Q

Grounded Theory requires…

A

condesning information into a very small code from a massive text to make sure we do not have to keep re-reading

47
Q

Comparisons of ___ is involved in grounded theory

A

people

48
Q

What are the 3 main approaches to coding in grounded theory

A
  1. Glaserian Approach
  2. Strauss and Corbin’s Method of Grounded Theory
  3. Constructivist Grounded Theory Approach
49
Q

Glaserian Approach to Grounded Theory Coding

A

Breaking down and conceptualizing data, with comparisons so that patterns emerge

Involves using Substantive codes like Open, Core, and Selective as well as Theoretical Codes

50
Q

In the glaserian approachl, coding helps researchers…

A

ID similar information and sort information into patterns

51
Q

Open Codes

A

3 types/levels of substantive codes

Open Code end when the core category is identified

52
Q

What is the difference between the 3 levels of Open Codes

A

Level 1 - In Vivo Codes - Derived directly from the language used

Level 2- More broad, typically words researchers have come up with

Level 3 - Most abstract codes

53
Q

Core Category

A

Main theme / overarching code in grounded theory qualitative analysis

One such type of core category is a Basic Social Process (BSP)

54
Q

Basic Social Processes are always ____ ____ but not all ____ ___ are basic social processes

A

Core categories/core categories

55
Q

Selective Codes

A

Codes relating back to the core category only

these integrate the codes to form a theory

so its taking and choosing the core category and relating all the other codes to that main category

56
Q

Theoretical Codes

A

Codes in grounded theory glaserian approach that provide insight into how codes relate back to each other

it helps researchers take broken pieces of data and weave them back together to look at the bigger picture

57
Q

What are some examples of Theoretical Code Families

A

Process - stages, phases, passages, transitions

Strategy - tactics, techniques, maneuvering

Cutting point - boundaries, turning points

58
Q

What is coding using the 6 Cs

A

A Glaserian Approach to looking at families of theoretical codes

It allows you to look at some data or excerpt and code it easily and group themes

59
Q

What are the 6 Cs

A 
Causes
Contexts
Conditions
Contingencies (Alternatives)
Consequences
Covariances
60
Q

What is Strauss and Corbin’s Method of Grounded Theory Qualitative Analysis

A

Breaking down and conceptualizing data which includes taking apart a single sentence observation of incidence

Involves Open, Axial, and Selective Coding

61
Q

Open Coding in Strauss and Corbin’s Method

A

data is broken down into parts and concepts and are ID’ed or meaning is interpreted from the broad data

62
Q

Axial Coding

A

Analysis will code for the context

63
Q

Selective Coding

A

Deciding on the central (or core) category

64
Q

Outcome for the Strauss and Corbin Model

A

A full conceptual description

65
Q

Constructivist Grounded Theory Approach

A

Creating a link between collecting data and developing emergent theory - defining what is occurring in data and beginning to analyze what it means

Uses Initial Coding and Focused Coding

Involves participant involvement in analysis

66
Q

Initial Coding v Focused Coding

A

Initial: Data are studied to learn what participants view as problematic

Focused: ID most significant initial code and then theoretically code it

67
Q

What is the general idea behind all coding

A

Start very broad with large chunks of data and get smallers as you go along - you want to get meaning from the transcript, and it is why the qualitative researcher uses teams since it is so intensive

NURS360 - Socialization II: Nursing Research (13 decks)

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