Week 5 - Endocrinological Disease

Question 1

Metabolic syndrome + pathophysiology

Answer 1

characterized by excessive abdominal fat, hypertension, abnormal fasting glucose or insulin resistance and dyslipidemia

patho - similar to those in obesity
development depends on both the amount and distribution of body fat
central obesity (apple fat) - increases risk of metabolic syndrome

Question 2

Osteoporosis

Answer 2

A metabolic disease of bone in which there is a progressive loss of bond density and deterioration in bone microarchitecture leading to an increase risk of fractures from minimal trauma

patho - results from an in imbalance between bone resorption (osteoclasts) and formation (osteoblasts) can be primary or secondary.
Primary = reduced level of sec hormones and calcium and vit D deficiency
Secondary = CKD, liver disease, drugs. endocrine disease and RA

Question 3

OP management

Answer 3

Modification of clinical risk factors
restore/maintain mobility and prevent falls
antiresorptive medications

Question 4

Osteomalacia

Answer 4

Normal bone quality but not mineralized. generalized OP

Adult counterpart of rickets in children - defect in vit D availability or metabolism, poor bone formation = weakened bone

inadequate intake of Vit D

Question 5

Rickets

Answer 5

(Presents in young children)
Abnormality of Vit D metabolism - deficiency due to decreased sun exposure, renal disease, rapid bone resorption

Clinical signs
- widened growth plates
bone density is diminished
cortical thinning
scoliosis may be present

symptoms:
- muscle weakness
enlarged wrists and ankles
waddling gait
pain may be present
growth may be hindered