Week 1 - Cardiovascular disease

Question 1

CVD

Answer 1

defined collectively as cornonary heart disease, stroke and other vascular disease including PAD

Question 2

modifiable CVD risk factors

Answer 2

sedatary lifestyle
alcohol
smoking
hypertension
dyslipidemia
overweight

Question 3

Non modifiable CVD risk factors

Answer 3

Male
age
family history

Question 4

Dyslipidemia

Answer 4

derangement of plasma lipid levels that is associated with atherosclerosis and increased CVD mortality and morbidity.

primary = gene mutation
secondary = western diet - decrease physical activity and increased consumption of saturated and trans fats

Question 5

Dyslipidemia lipid metabolism

Answer 5

1 = lipids transported in lipoproteins as they are insoluable
2 = dietary lipids - enzymes
3 = liver synthesis lipoprotiens to transport cholestrol and triglycerides

Question 6

LDL vs HDL

Answer 6

LDL = highest cholesterol content
HDL = produced in liver and initially cholesterol free

Question 7

Hypertension

Answer 7

consistent high blood pressure (140/90)
primary = over-activation of the RAAS system
secondary = due to chronic kidney disease, dylipidemia, smoking, alcohol intake

Question 8

Coronary artery disease

Answer 8

impairment of blood flow through the coronary artery due to atheroscerlosis which leads to progressive narrowing of the artery and plaque build up/instability due to atherosclerosis

Question 9

coronary artery clinical features

Answer 9

• chest pain - crushing or tightening
• pain radiating to the left
• stable angina: chest pain on excursion

Question 10

coronary artery management

Answer 10

• management of risk factors
• acute hospital management

Question 11

peripheral arterial aneurysm

Answer 11

Dilation of the peripheral artery due to artery wall weakening commonly due to atherosclerosis
- rupture is rare
- popliteal artery is most common artery, iliac artery is second common

Question 12

Arterial fibrilation

Answer 12

rapid and irregular arythema of the upper chamber of the heart secondary to hypertension, dyslipidemia, CAD and alcoholism

management:
- control rhythm
- control rate: with anticoagulation

Question 13

heart failure

Answer 13

syndrome of ventricular dysfunction most frequently due to CAD

Question 14

diagnosis of heart failure

Answer 14

• chest xray
• ecg
• clinical features

Question 15

management of heart failure

Answer 15

managed by causes
- fluid and sailt restriction
- physical activity
- ACE - I
- duiretics
beta blockers
implantable defibrillators