Week 2 - Neurological

Question 1

HEadache

Answer 1

tension headache: gradual onset, relieved with simple analgesia

migraine: mild-sever headache triggered by a trigger resulting in phono-phobia, photophobia, predome

Question 2

Stoke

Answer 2

transient ischemic event: blood flow to brain blocked due to a blood clot (thombrosis) resulting in brain injury or death

Clinical features - think FAST
Face - slumbed, numb
Arms - unable to move
Speech - slurred
Time - do soemthing quick

Question 3

Parkinsons Disease

Answer 3

progressive, degeneration of involuntary and voluntary movements due to damage to the dopinerginic circuits of the basal ganglia acting directing on voluntary and involuntary pathways which ultimately results in parkinsoms - weakness, tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability

Question 4

Friendirichs and impact on LL

Answer 4

autosome recessive gene resulting in progressive loss of voluntary muscle movement and development of DM
onset between 5 - 15 years of age

Impact on lower limb: muscle weakness particularly in peroneal muscle, pes cavus

Question 5

Cerebral palsy and impact on LL

Answer 5

Non-progressive group of diseases resulting in loss of voluntary movement due to prental development malformation, postnatal injury

LL: pes cavus, foot drop, equinus etc
spactitiy, weakness

Question 6

Spinal cord injury

Answer 6

illness or injury to spinal cord reuslting in loss of involuntary and voluntary movements, sensory
Spinal cord = UMN
nerve root = LMN

Question 7

UMN vs LMN

Answer 7

both result in muscle weakness
LNM: muscle atrophy, twitching, decreased reflexes, decreased tone (everything kinda lost)

UMN: decreased speed, spastic, hypertonic

Question 8

Spina bifida

Answer 8

Congenital disease that occurs when the neural tube that makes up the spinal cord does not close off properly, resulting in major spinal defects or can also be asymptomatic

Question 9

MS

Answer 9

autoimmune reaction. disemminated patches of dymilinated nerve in the brain and spinal cord.

age of onset 20-40 and women more likely to acquire the disease

symptoms: parathesia, weakness or clumsiness

Question 10

GBS

Answer 10

progressive, rapid but self limiting inflamatory polyneuropathy resulting in weakness and mild sensory loss, commonly brought on by an infection

Question 11

chronic peripheral nuropathy

Answer 11

loss of sensation in the distal peripheral nerves due to demylination of the nerves or damage
+ve = over sensation
-ve = loss of sensation
due to DM, B12 defincy, hypo and hyperthyroidism

management = investigations and management to reverse the cause

Question 12

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 12

Acquired autoimmune disorder: autoantibodies against nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction causing
chronic, progressive weakness of voluntary skeletal muscles

Question 13

Motor neuron disease

Answer 13

Incurable neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons (both UMN and LMN) causing significant disability and ultimately death

Question 14

Neurofibromatosis

Answer 14

genetic disorder that causes benign tumours to grow on nerve fibres throughout the body
patient can be asymptomatic or tumours can cause compressive dysfunction of the nerves