Week 5 Flashcards
Positivist science
approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates.
Logical positivist epistemology
only statements verifiable through direct observation or logical proof are meaningful.
Neoliberal citizenship:
e.g. cuenca Americans basically buy Ecuadorian citizenship because they have money and then get the same rights, health care. Higher purchasing power gives them rights by virtue
Why are public spaces important to integrate marginalized communities?
e.g. poorer local vendors on public squares, more neutral place so everyone is welcome
Transnational gentrification
- increasingly global middle class and urban revitalisation by itnernationals
Jackson
- Consumer culture has spatial differences. E.g. McDonald’s different in Indonesia vs Netherlands.
- Even in globalization there is no general homogenisation
- Geographically uneven nature of globalization - increases competition and therefore inequality
- Global brands adapt to local situations
Neoliberal urban governance example
Cuenca: making the city more competitive and attractive for international capital. attracting footloose capital, trickle down economics related to this
Authenticity examples
- Fox hunting in England - rural idyll
- Dumberton Oakes birthing figure
- Colonies of Benevolence
- Cuenca
Heritage examples
- Cuenca
- Cape Town Waterfront - marginalized previous community who worked at docks (black people esp.)
- Avebury world heritage site - culture as a process rather than static. different meanings over time
- Fox hunting as action-oriented heritage, not just about objects.
Social constructivism
human development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others.
Social constructivism and space/tourism
You have expectations of a place. When you go to asia, you have an expectation, and idea before you go that will influence your sense of place when you arrive. You are not a ‘blank slate’ when you arrive. relates to mediatization of tourism, how is a place portrayed?
Mccrone:
The more authentic the representation, the more real it is —> reality depends on how convincing the presentation is, how well the staged authenticity works. Relates to Simulacra - the only truth that is concealed is that there is no truth
Simulacra (Boudrillard)
Simulacra are signs, symbols or copies with no referent or original counterpart.
“it is the truth which conceals that there is none”
Simulation (boudrillard)
[1] Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time
Wang Types of authenticity
- Objective - traditional, museum view
- Constructed - social construction, relative e.g. China
- Existential - not about object but about experience, creating meaning within experience, self-identity
Postmodern views on authenticty
- Simulacra and simulation
2. True authenticity does not exist (also relates to Mccrone)
Maccanell
- Staged authenticity - front and back stage
2. Problem of false consciousness - we believe it is back stage when actually it is front stage
Heritage contestations
- Mismatch organization and community values
- mismatch cultural and economic values e.g. Waterfront mainly a mall, habana vieja only for tourists
- mismatch policy makers and interest groups: e.g. rural idyll in England
Characteristic of heritage no. 1
Constructed by people on basis of needs. Imagined past for current use. Tunbridge & Ashworth.
Imagined because it is the way we interpret it nowadays, we make a section of what needs to be kept as heritage —> relates to selective tradition (Williams)
Characteristic of heritage no. 2
- Culture is a process rather than objects —> meaning creation - meaning does not reside in the object. But eg. UNESCO places more emphasis on the physical artefacts
Characteristic of heritage no. 3
Heritage changes over time. Some things that were thought to be heritage 50 years ago aren’t today. Also: overall there is more focus on heritage today as a concept
e.g. Avebury World Heritage Site: Stone circle defined as UNESCO site but meaning was always there
Characteristic of heritage no. 4
Heritage is context dependent: different cultures interpret heritage differently
Example of context dependent: China more focused. Demolition and reconstruction more common in China —old building was reconstructed completely, in china more about the spiritual meaning not physical
