Week 5

Question 1

Positivist science

Answer 1

approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates.

Question 2

Logical positivist epistemology

Answer 2

only statements verifiable through direct observation or logical proof are meaningful.

Question 3

Neoliberal citizenship:

Answer 3

e.g. cuenca Americans basically buy Ecuadorian citizenship because they have money and then get the same rights, health care. Higher purchasing power gives them rights by virtue

Question 4

Why are public spaces important to integrate marginalized communities?

Answer 4

e.g. poorer local vendors on public squares, more neutral place so everyone is welcome

Question 5

Transnational gentrification

Answer 5

• increasingly global middle class and urban revitalisation by itnernationals

Question 6

Jackson

Answer 6

1. Consumer culture has spatial differences. E.g. McDonald’s different in Indonesia vs Netherlands.
2. Even in globalization there is no general homogenisation
3. Geographically uneven nature of globalization - increases competition and therefore inequality
4. Global brands adapt to local situations

Question 7

Neoliberal urban governance example

Answer 7

Cuenca: making the city more competitive and attractive for international capital. attracting footloose capital, trickle down economics related to this

Question 8

Authenticity examples

Answer 8

1. Fox hunting in England - rural idyll
2. Dumberton Oakes birthing figure
3. Colonies of Benevolence
4. Cuenca

Question 9

Heritage examples

Answer 9

1. Cuenca
2. Cape Town Waterfront - marginalized previous community who worked at docks (black people esp.)
3. Avebury world heritage site - culture as a process rather than static. different meanings over time
4. Fox hunting as action-oriented heritage, not just about objects.

Question 10

Social constructivism

Answer 10

human development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others.

Question 11

Social constructivism and space/tourism

Answer 11

You have expectations of a place. When you go to asia, you have an expectation, and idea before you go that will influence your sense of place when you arrive. You are not a ‘blank slate’ when you arrive. relates to mediatization of tourism, how is a place portrayed?

Question 12

Mccrone:

Answer 12

The more authentic the representation, the more real it is —> reality depends on how convincing the presentation is, how well the staged authenticity works. Relates to Simulacra - the only truth that is concealed is that there is no truth

Question 13

Simulacra (Boudrillard)

Answer 13

Simulacra are signs, symbols or copies with no referent or original counterpart.
“it is the truth which conceals that there is none”

Question 14

Simulation (boudrillard)

Answer 14

[1] Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time

Question 15

Wang Types of authenticity

Answer 15

1. Objective - traditional, museum view
2. Constructed - social construction, relative e.g. China
3. Existential - not about object but about experience, creating meaning within experience, self-identity

Question 16

Postmodern views on authenticty

Answer 16

1. Simulacra and simulation

2. True authenticity does not exist (also relates to Mccrone)

Question 17

Maccanell

Answer 17

1. Staged authenticity - front and back stage

2. Problem of false consciousness - we believe it is back stage when actually it is front stage

Question 18

Heritage contestations

Answer 18

1. Mismatch organization and community values
2. mismatch cultural and economic values e.g. Waterfront mainly a mall, habana vieja only for tourists
3. mismatch policy makers and interest groups: e.g. rural idyll in England

Question 19

Characteristic of heritage no. 1

Answer 19

Constructed by people on basis of needs. Imagined past for current use. Tunbridge & Ashworth.
Imagined because it is the way we interpret it nowadays, we make a section of what needs to be kept as heritage —> relates to selective tradition (Williams)

Question 20

Characteristic of heritage no. 2

Answer 20

2. Culture is a process rather than objects —> meaning creation - meaning does not reside in the object. But eg. UNESCO places more emphasis on the physical artefacts

Question 21

Characteristic of heritage no. 3

Answer 21

Heritage changes over time. Some things that were thought to be heritage 50 years ago aren’t today. Also: overall there is more focus on heritage today as a concept
e.g. Avebury World Heritage Site: Stone circle defined as UNESCO site but meaning was always there

Question 22

Characteristic of heritage no. 4

Answer 22

Heritage is context dependent: different cultures interpret heritage differently
Example of context dependent: China more focused. Demolition and reconstruction more common in China —old building was reconstructed completely, in china more about the spiritual meaning not physical