Week 1 and 2 Flashcards
Dugay Culture process 1: Substantive process
increased importance of cultural practices in every area in our social lives.
Observing something that is out there.
–>e.g. how culture has changing role in society compared to before, such as UNESCO heritage sites being new thing.
Dugay culture process 2: Epistemological process
we produce culture because it allows us to feel as if we understand our world, and to perceive it as ordered; motivated by pursuit of meaningfulness
(culture used to generate knowledge. If we want to understand world processes, we need to look from cultural perspective, it is a tool for interpretation.)
Williams 3 definitions of culture
- Ideal definition: the typical representation of culture. The selective traditional reflection of culture. Usually tangible. ‘absolute’ values of culture
- Documentary definition: material output of culture
- Social definition: Nothing more cultural than the way we make sense of world on a daily basis
Cultural turn
1970s/1980s
- shift in emphasis toward meaning and away from a positivist epistemology.
- social process in which people make their identities, define the values and beliefs they have and make sense of their own world.
- Increasing use of culture in knowledge generation, understnading power relations, economics. –> created blurring of boundaries between economics and culture
Taylor 1994
the state as a territorial container. Location an unquestioned natural unit of politics – related to imagined communities
Normative strategy (e.g. of tourism promotion)
areas promote tourism in same way as other places did because it was successful there –> place neutral strategy.
Culture in policies and economics
- to economically position an area in globalising world, competitiveness
- To maintain social cohesion in an area
- Made by people to make sense of increasingly complex world
- by economic actors to sell products
Ray Normative vs Instrumental cultural economy
Mode 4 related
- either to sell to outside or sell internally.
Instrumental culture economy:
- maintain livability
- create regional pride
- make people already there stay
- self reliance
Instrumental culture economy:
- maintain livability
- create regional pride
- make people already there stay
- focus on self-reliance
Normative culture economy strategy:
competitive strategy, attracting more people
Ray mode 1
- Commodification of culture:
Ray mode 2
Projection of new territorial identity to outside, selective interpretation make attractive.
Examples: Euroregion previously underdeveloped, now marketing as heart of Europe. Or Scandinavians making all about vikings
Ray mode 3
Selling itself internally, justifying use of culture for economy and to enhance social cohesion, getting local businesses to agree etc.
Ray mode 4
interrelation of previous strategies. the way that these individual strategies are applied such as instrumental or normative
John Urry: How places are consumed
- Places increasingly restructured for consumption, e.g. times square. This can be MATERIAL or SYMBOLIC, Paris is symbol of love and used in advertisements
- Places themselves are in a sense consumed: sensory consumption like gazing.
- Places are literally consumed: such as environmental degradation
- Localities can become places of consumption for own identity. e.g. Wanderlust, finding yourself, yoga retreat India, burning man festival
Barnett
- Blurring of boundaries between cultural and economic sector (part of cultural turn of geography: understanding identities, emphasis toward meaning and away from positivism
Sum & Jessop cultural/social processes and practices
- Selection: Prioritization of development area. Meaning making reduces complexity for marketing
- Needs to be retained:
- Needs to be reinforced, internalised by people, common sense discourse. Contrary discourses are rejected.
Sum and Jessop Discursive and Material selectivity
- discursive selectivity (e.g., genre chains, styles, identities)
- material selectivity (e.g., the privileging of certain dominant sites of discourse through structural biases in specific organizational and institutional orders)
