Week 1 and 2

Question 1

Dugay Culture process 1: Substantive process

Answer 1

increased importance of cultural practices in every area in our social lives.

Observing something that is out there.
–>e.g. how culture has changing role in society compared to before, such as UNESCO heritage sites being new thing.

Question 2

Dugay culture process 2: Epistemological process

Answer 2

we produce culture because it allows us to feel as if we understand our world, and to perceive it as ordered; motivated by pursuit of meaningfulness

(culture used to generate knowledge. If we want to understand world processes, we need to look from cultural perspective, it is a tool for interpretation.)

Question 3

Williams 3 definitions of culture

Answer 3

1. Ideal definition: the typical representation of culture. The selective traditional reflection of culture. Usually tangible. ‘absolute’ values of culture
2. Documentary definition: material output of culture
3. Social definition: Nothing more cultural than the way we make sense of world on a daily basis

Question 4

Cultural turn

Answer 4

1970s/1980s

• shift in emphasis toward meaning and away from a positivist epistemology.
• social process in which people make their identities, define the values and beliefs they have and make sense of their own world.
• Increasing use of culture in knowledge generation, understnading power relations, economics. –> created blurring of boundaries between economics and culture

Question 5

Taylor 1994

Answer 5

the state as a territorial container. Location an unquestioned natural unit of politics – related to imagined communities

Question 6

Normative strategy (e.g. of tourism promotion)

Answer 6

areas promote tourism in same way as other places did because it was successful there –> place neutral strategy.

Question 7

Culture in policies and economics

Answer 7

1. to economically position an area in globalising world, competitiveness
2. To maintain social cohesion in an area
3. Made by people to make sense of increasingly complex world
4. by economic actors to sell products

Question 8

Ray Normative vs Instrumental cultural economy

Answer 8

Mode 4 related

- either to sell to outside or sell internally.

Question 9

Instrumental culture economy:

Answer 9

1. maintain livability
2. create regional pride
3. make people already there stay
4. self reliance

Question 10

Instrumental culture economy:

Answer 10

1. maintain livability
2. create regional pride
3. make people already there stay
4. focus on self-reliance

Question 11

Normative culture economy strategy:

Answer 11

competitive strategy, attracting more people

Question 12

Ray mode 1

Answer 12

1. Commodification of culture:

Question 13

Ray mode 2

Answer 13

Projection of new territorial identity to outside, selective interpretation make attractive.

Examples: Euroregion previously underdeveloped, now marketing as heart of Europe. Or Scandinavians making all about vikings

Question 14

Ray mode 3

Answer 14

Selling itself internally, justifying use of culture for economy and to enhance social cohesion, getting local businesses to agree etc.

Question 15

Ray mode 4

Answer 15

interrelation of previous strategies. the way that these individual strategies are applied such as instrumental or normative

Question 16

John Urry: How places are consumed

Answer 16

1. Places increasingly restructured for consumption, e.g. times square. This can be MATERIAL or SYMBOLIC, Paris is symbol of love and used in advertisements
2. Places themselves are in a sense consumed: sensory consumption like gazing.
3. Places are literally consumed: such as environmental degradation
4. Localities can become places of consumption for own identity. e.g. Wanderlust, finding yourself, yoga retreat India, burning man festival

Question 17

Barnett

Answer 17

• Blurring of boundaries between cultural and economic sector (part of cultural turn of geography: understanding identities, emphasis toward meaning and away from positivism

Question 18

Sum & Jessop cultural/social processes and practices

Answer 18

1. Selection: Prioritization of development area. Meaning making reduces complexity for marketing
2. Needs to be retained:
3. Needs to be reinforced, internalised by people, common sense discourse. Contrary discourses are rejected.

Question 19

Sum and Jessop Discursive and Material selectivity

Answer 19

1. discursive selectivity (e.g., genre chains, styles, identities)
2. material selectivity (e.g., the privileging of certain dominant sites of discourse through structural biases in specific organizational and institutional orders)