Week 5 Flashcards
What is growth
The quantitative changes that can be measured and compared with norms
What is development
Implies a progressive and continuous process of change leading to a state of organised and specialised functional capacity
As nurses how can we influences prenatal care
Health promotion
Screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases
Educational, social and nutritional services
What is the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life at birth
Physical changes-Independent respiratory function Psychosocial changes- Parent child interactions begin Health considerations- airway potency Immature immune system Thermoregulation
What are the physical changes in newborns
Heart rate ranges from 120-160 BP is 74/46 Breathing rate is 30-50 Head moulding Elimination
What are the cognitive changes of a newborn senses
Touch: Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms and souls Pain Hearing: Learns sound patterns Sensitive to voices Vision: Tract movement and monitor environment Taste and smell: Sweet tastes Identify mother through smell
What are the psychosocial changes of a newborn
Strong bonds
Newborns maintain contact with parents-john bowlby
Care plans
What are the physical changes of infancy
Rapid physical growth and psychosocial development
Interact with environment
Gross motor skills develop
Sleep patterns change
What are the sensory changes of infancy
Vision: I teret in human faces, colour vision, depth perception Hearing: Sensory threshold higher Touch and pain: Respond to touch and can also feel pain Smell: Can differentiate odours Taste: Sensitivity to taste may be present before birth
What are the cognitive changes in infancy
Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, notorious actions
Repetition, reflexes, interesting actions
Do infants listen better when we speak in a higher voice with simple words?
Yes
What are some of the infants psychosocial (emotions) changes
Fear is one of the baby’s earliest emotions
Stranger anxiety
How does an infants temperament change
Cultural influence
Family influence
Did Erickson believed the first year is characterised by trust and mistrust?
Yes
Does a mothers facial expression influences an infants behaviour?
Yes
What are some attachment issues with infancy
Erickson: trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care
Bowlby: biologically equipped to attach
Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganised
Maternal sensitivity linked to secure attachment
What affects learning capacity
Relies on parents for basic needs
Learns to trust adults when convey love
Explores environment through senses
What are some teaching methods
Keep rountines consistent
Hold firmly, smile and speak softly
Stimulate senses
What are the physical changes in toddlers
Sphincter control Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Height and weight Brain growth Brain structure
How do toddlers represent the world
Through words and images
What is cognition dominated to
By egocentrism and magical beliefs
What are some psychosocial changes of toddlers emotions
Social referencing
Self consciousness
Emotional self regulation
Do toddlers have temper tantrums and are shy vs sociable child
Yes
What are the 4 stages of attachment
Pre attachment
Attachment in the making
Clear cut attachment
Formation of a reciprocal relationship
What are some learning methods for toddlers
Learns words and express feelings
Learn by associating words with objects
Likes to explore through play
What are some teaching methods for toddlers
Use play to teach
Offer picture books
Use simple words to promote understanding
Pre schoolers gain gross motor skills such as skipping, swimming and fine motor skills such as eye/ hand coordination and dressing and feeding
True or false
True
What are 3 cognitive changes of a pre schooler?
Cannot reason logically
Fear of bodily harm
Make believe play
What does vygotskys sociocultural theory suggest about pre schoolers
Other people infinite to cognitive development
What is the zone of proximal development
Tasks children cannot do alone but can learn with help of more skilled partners
How does the memory change in pre schoolers
Becomes more accurate
Name 3 psychosocial changes in pre schoolers
Erickson:
Eager to tackle new tasks
Overstepping limits
Wrong behaviour
What are some learning methods for pre schoolers
No concept time
Asks questions
Express feelings through actions rather than words
What are some teaching methods for pre schoolers
Use role play, imitation and play to make it fun to teach
Offer simple explanations and demonstrations
Learn through pictures and short stories
What are some physical changes of a school age child
Postural changes
Growth slows ready for puberty
Facial bones grow and remodel
Permanent teeth erupt
How do motor skills improve in school age children
Become smoother and more coordinated
Boys outperform girls in large muscle activities
Girls outperform boys in fine motor skills
Is excerise linked to cognitive development?
Yes
What are the cognitive changes in school age children
Starts to reason logically
No abstraction yet
Understand concept of conversation
Not just own perception of works
How to school age children process information
Critical thinking
Creative thinking
Scientific thinking
What is self concept in school age of children
Evaluations of the self
What is self esteem for a school age child
Global evaluations of the self
Explain self efficacy in school age children
Belief that one can master a situation and produce favourable outcomes
Do peers become important in school aged children
Yes
What are some outcomes of bullying
Depression
Suicide
More health issues
What are teaching methods that can be used for school age children
Teach psychomotor skills to maintain health
Offer opportunities to discuss health problems and answer questions
What are some learning methods to school age children
Able to make judgments
Play becomes more formal and social
Asks many questions about health
