Week 5 Flashcards
Adjectives attach to __
Adverbs attach to ___
N’
V’
Adverbs modify the verb and its complements but they do so before the ___ combines with the ___
verb, subject
What is the semantic type of the projection adverbs and adjectives attach to?
e,t
VPs without the subject denote an ___
event
verbs (together with their complements) denote ____
properties of an event
only adverbs (and adjectives) that attach at the level, combine with their __ by ___ as ___
sister
modification, intersection
modification as intersection =
adjunction
saturation = not
adjunction
“the” is something that…
takes a property, i.e., a set of individuals for which the property is true
…and returns exactly one of the individuals from this set
“a(n)” is something that…
takes a property, i.e., a set of individuals for which the property is true…and returns exactly one of the individuals from this set
“the”
“old” / previously mentioned / shared common ground
• (the most) salient • unique
“an”
new
• not currently present in the common ground
“the” vs “an”
admissibility conditions:
- “the” may be used only for things we (the speaker and the hearer) have agreed on as being present in our common ground/ situation and we’re able to agree on exactly one instance of such an individual (salient etc.)
- “a(n)” may be used only for things we haven’t agree on as being already present in our common ground/situation
- we’ve already seen that adjectives (if modifying a noun) are __, i.e., attached to ___
- ___ are adjuncts as well, they attach to ___
- adjuncts, N’
- adverbs, V’
adverbs modify the __ and its complements
but they do so before the verb combines with the __
-verb, subject
Adverbs attach to the same type as adjectives: but why?
well, they attach at the point when the predicate is almost saturated — the only missing argument is the subject, i.e., e
Adverbs denote…
Give an example
- properties of an event
- loudly: property of a loud event
How do we combine VPs without the subject and adverbs?
adverbial adjuncts combine with V’ by modification as intersection
- if Bruno eats oatmeal loudly it must be true that …
- we have two properties of events:
- it is the ___ of these two properties that denotes the meaning
- Bruno eats oatmeal and that he does something in a loud manner
- property of eating oatmeal and property of a loud event
- intersection
modification as intersection doesn’t work so well for other types of adjectives like:
-give examples
subject oriented (intentionally), object-oriented (finely) and speaker-oriented (surprisingly)
These other adverbs that don’t work with modification as intersection don’t attach to __ in syntax like adverbs that do work with that process
V bar
only adverbs (and adjectives) that attach at the ___ level, combine with their sister by ____
, modification as intersection
-whenever two sister nodes combine by ____ (i.e., one node is an argument of the other node), this is not adjunction
-saturation
-whenever two sister nodes combine by _______ (i.e., both nodes are of type ), this is adjunction
modification as intersection
Proper names cannot have ___
intensions
what is the difference between “the” and “a(n)”?
“the”
• “old” / previously mentioned / shared common ground
• (the most) salient • unique
“a(n)”
• new
• not currently present in the common ground
