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LING 3II3 > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

how do we model presuppositions?

A
  • Common Ground
  • Context Set
  • Stalnaker, Heim…
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2
Q

common ground (CG)

A

• the set of propositions which the participants in a conversation agree to be uncontroversial for the purposes of this conversation

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3
Q

context set (C)

A

• the set of possible worlds in which every proposition in the Common Ground is true

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4
Q

example…
• CG = {the proposition that it is sunny, the proposition that we have a semantics class, the proposition that the spring is coming}
…continued
• C =

A 
{the set of worlds in which it is sunny and we have a semantics class and the spring is coming}
• conjunction -> intersection
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5
Q 
example
Fred bit Mary and Bruno bit Mary too
• step 1: 
• step 2: 
• step 3:
A
  • some C
  • C ⋂ “Fred bit Mary”
  • C ⋂ “Fred bit Mary” ⋂ “Bruno bit Mary too”
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6
Q

Context change potential.

For any Context Set C and simple sentence, write equation:

A

S, C + S = C ⋂ [S]

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7
Q

presupposition projection
• if the context satisfies the presupposition, proposition is added
• “satisfies” = ____, _____ or at least does not ____

A

contains, entails or at least does not contradict

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8
Q

when we cancel a presupposition, we remove it from __

A

C

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9
Q

if we accommodate a presupposition we add it to ___

A

C

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10
Q

focus

A
  • new information
  • correcting/verifying information
  • may be marked by intonation
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11
Q 
Bruno ate an appleF too.
• This sentence presupposes that:
• A: someone else ate an apple
• B: Bruno did something else with an apple 
• C: Bruno ate something else
• D: there is no presupposition
A

C

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12
Q

focus regulates presupposition
BrunoF ate an apple too. ->
Bruno ateF an apple too. ->
Bruno ate an appleF too. ->

A
  • someone else ate an apple
  • Bruno did something else to an apple
  • Bruno ate something else
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13
Q
  • without ___ there is no presuppositional requirement

* without a presuppositional requirement we don’t know how to restrict the ___

A

focus, alternatives

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14
Q

Does focus change truth conditions of an utterance?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are speech acts:

A
  • propositions that, when uttered, allow us to perform a particular kind of action or the proposition itself performs the action
  • performative act
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16
Q

Speech acts, name and explain all three:

A
  • Locutionary act: the actual utterance by the speaker (~semantic meaning)
  • Illocutionary act: the intended meaning of the utterance by the speaker (~speaker’s meaning)
  • Perlocutionary act: the action that results from the locution [new dimension]
17
Q

Give the speech acts.

I now declare you man and wife

A

Locutionary act = “I now declare you man and wife”
Illocutionary act = the speaker intends to marry someone
Perlocutionary act = the couple is now married

18
Q

Give the speech acts.

Bruno went to jail for committing murder

A
  • locutionary: Bruno went to jail for committing murder
  • illocutionary: to inform you that Bruno went to jail for committing murder
  • perlocutionary: you went to the state of the hearer being uninformed of this to a state where the hearer is informed that Bruno went to jail for committing murder
19
Q

performative verbs:

give examples:

A 
verbs whose function is to signal specific speech acts:
•declare 
•warn
• promise 
• sentence 
• thank
20
Q

speech acts

• there are certain extralinguistic____ that must be satisfied for an utterance to function as a____ act

A

conditions, performative

21
Q

felicity conditions

A

• contextual conditions which must be fulfilled before a speech act can be said to have been properly performed

22
Q

preparatory conditions

A

•do not define the speech act but are necessary in the sense that if they do not hold the act has not been carried out

23
Q

sincerity conditions

A

•the person performing the act must have appropriate beliefs or feelings

24
Q

essential conditions

A
  • define the act being carried out
  • for a promise the speaker must intend their utterance to put them under an obligation to carry out the act which corresponds to its propositional content
25
Q

Name all four conditions that must be satisfied for an utterance to function as a performative act

A

felicity conditions, preparatory conditions, sincerity conditions, essential conditions

26
Q
  • performative verbs are extremely restricted grammatically

* they must be in the ___ ____ tense

A

present simple

27
Q

•performative force only arises in the form of _____

A

implicatures

28
Q

•why and when do they depart?
___ ______
•to model the nature of interactions between the semantic and speaker’s meaning

A

•Gricean Maxims

29
Q

Gricean Maxims
•purpose:
•actual conversations may and often diverge from the ideal, but the maxims give us a descriptive tool to describe the _______ __ __ _______

A

give principals of an optimal conversation, nature of the diversion

30
Q

the cooperative principle

A

Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which we are engaged

31
Q

What are the four steps to Gricean Maxims?

A

Quality, quantity, relevance, manner

32
Q

Maxim of Quality

A

truth telling:

  • do not say what you believe to be false
  • do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
  • Do not make unsupported statements
33
Q

Maxim of Quantity

A

-Concerned with the amount of information
- make your contribution as informative as is
required for the current purposes of the exchange in which you are engaged
- do not make your contribution more informative than is required

34
Q

Maxim of Relevance

A

be relevant

35
Q

Maxim of Manner

A
  • avoid obscurity
  • avoid ambiguity
  • be concise
  • be orderly

LING 3II3 (14 decks)

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