Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LING 3II3 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

modals are _____. instead of operating on two sets defined by properties, they operate on sets of _____ _____

A

“quantifiers”, possible worlds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

modals as quantifiers
• the meaning of a ___ corresponds to what the ___ does with the two sets
• the meaning of a ___ is defined with respect to the set of possible worlds the ___ narrowed down to

A

quantifier x2

modal x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

• two dimensions of possible worlds:

A

type, ordering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • must P ~ the proposition is true ….

- could P ~ the proposition is true …

A

in every possible world within the relevant set

in some world or another within the relevant set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of conversational backgrounds? Explain them

A

epistemic :
• “statistical” rules
• i.e., how the world usually is
• “of or relating to knowledge or to the degree of its validation”

deontic:
• “issued” laws
• imposed rules we expect to be followed
• “of or relating to duty and obligation; expressing duty or obligation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Maria must be in her office.

Give the epistemic and deontic conversational backgrounds for this sentence.

A

Epistemic:
• given that her door is open
• in all worlds compatible with the speaker’s knowledge, and in which things happen in a stereotypical fashion, Maria is in her office

Deontic:
• from 9 to 5, because she is a receptionist
• in all worlds in which Maria satisfies her actual-world job description, she is in her office

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Question 1
Peter might be skiing. There’s a lot of snow out there.
The conversational background for might here is
A) epistemic
B) deontic

A

A

-no law for skiing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

You may have another piece of cake but only a small one!
• The conversational background for may here is
• A: epistemic
• B: deontic

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Now I may go to Uzbekistan.They finally gave me the visa.
• The conversational background for may here is
• A: epistemic
• B: deontic

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two types of modal force? Explain them:

A
  • necessity: all worlds within the relevant set of possible worlds
  • possibility: some world or another within the relevant set of possible worlds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

She must be in her office
• Conversational background:
• Modal force:

A

epistemic or deontic

necessity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

She may be in her office
• Conversational background:
• Modal force:

A

epistemic or deontic

possibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • The modal force of “could” is
  • A: deontic
  • B: epistemic
  • C: necessity
  • D: possibility
A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two dimensions of displacement?

A
  • temporal dimension

* modal dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • in the absence of ______ ____ , we evaluate propositions with respect to the____ world
  • modal displacement changes the world of____
A

modal displacement,
actual,
evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

modals order____ worlds

A

possible

17
Q

What are the four aspectual classes?

A

states, activities, achievements, accomplishments

18
Q

tests for states:

A

• hard to combine with topic times like “from
2 to 3” (John is smart from 2 to 3)
• their present tense can denote an event
that’s happening at the time of speech
• sound odd with English progressive (John is being tall)

19
Q

Explain activities:

A

class of events that also don’t undergo change but they are not “time- less” in the same sense as states

20
Q

• I am working right now
• I am running late
• leave me alone, I am swimming
Examples of what?

A

Activities

21
Q

What are achievements?

A

• the change is more or less instantaneous

22
Q

John broke the vase
Sylvie woke up
Marta fell on the skis
Examples of what?

A

achievements

23
Q

What are accomplishments?

A

• the change develops over time

24
Q

The tomato ripened Mary grew up Pipa ate the cake.

Example of what?

A

accomplishments

25
Q

achievements vs accomplishments

A

non-homogenous events

26
Q

states vs activities

A

homogeneous events

27
Q 
Bruno may go skiing
• In this example,“may” is:
• A: epistemic possibility
• B: deontic possibility
• C: epistemic or deontic possibility 
• D: deontic possibility or necessity 
• E: deontic necessity
A

C

28
Q 
Bruno is blond for 3 hours
• This example shows that “being blond” is: 
• A: state
• B: activity
• C: achievement
• D: accomplishment
A

A

29
Q 
Bruno changed the colour of his hair
• This predicate is: 
• A: state
• B: activity
• C: achievement
• D: accomplishment
A

C

30
Q

p and q are synonymous:

A

the set of possible world in which p is true equals to the set of possible worlds in which q is true

31
Q

p and q are contrary

A
  • the set of worlds in which p is true is disjoint from the set of worlds in which q is true
  • the intersection is empty
32
Q

p: James Bond drives a grey 1933 Bentley convertible
q: James Bond drives a car
Does p entail q?

A

yes

33
Q 
p: Peter is my husband. q: I am married.
• In this case:
• A: p entails q
• B: q entails p
• C: there is no entailment
A

A

34
Q 
p: Peter is from London. q: Peter is from England.
• In this case:
• A: p entails q
• B: q entails p
• C: there is no entailment
A

A

35
Q 
QUESTION 6
p: Peter ate all of the cookies. q: Peter ate some of the cookies.
• In this case:
• A: p entails q
• B: q entails p
• C: there is no entailment
A

A

36
Q

propositional attitudes, give examples

A
  • another type of modal displacement
  • this time in embedded environment
  • restricts the set of worlds in which their propositional complement is evaluated,i.e., the worlds in which the propositional complement is true

• believe • know • doubt • expect • regret • desire

37
Q

believe:

George believes Bruno is a better dancer than me

A

in all worlds compatible with George’s beliefs, it is true that Bruno is a better dancer than me

38
Q
  • If P and Q contradict each other and if George believes that P is true, what does George believe about Q?
  • A: that Q is true
  • B: that Q is false
  • C: neither true nor false
A

B

LING 3II3 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions