Week 10 Flashcards
you cannot combine a_____ and an auxiliary in English
tense marker
tense orders___
events
modality determines whether the truth-conditions of a proposition should be determined …. or whether….
locally (extensional context) or whether they should be determined with respect to possible worlds
No Past tense of ‘must’
• why?
o The proposition is true or it is desirable that is it true in every world
o Tense can’t filter some possible worlds out
Present : = [____]
Past : = [___]
-Tense, +Tense
Is future tense?
No, not semantically
’s means ___
finite
-past as [+Tense]: time of the event does not equal the time of the ___
• contributes to ___
-present as [-Tense]: no difference between time of the event and the time of the utterance
• NO ____
- utterance
- ordering
- ordering
Future is about ____, not about tense
modality
Yesterday I worked from home.
How does the event of me working from home relate to yesterday?
A) the event time of working from home (more or less) equals to the time interval denoted by yesterday
B) the event time of working from home is a proper subset of yesterday
C) yesterday is a proper subset of me working from home
B
-interval of working doesn’t need to be continuous
Us:
now = time of the utterance, i.e., the time when the speaker utters the utterance
-the temporal anchoring of the speaker in the actual world
Ue:
time of the event
- when the event takes time with respect to the time of the utterance
- the event described by the utterance
Past: time of the ___ precedes the time of the ___
event, utterance
Present: no difference between time of the ___ and the time of the ___
event, utterance
Last summer I broke my ribs
• How does the event of me breaking my ribs relate to last summer?
• A: the event time of breaking my ribs (more or less) equals to the time interval denoted by last summer
• B: the event time of breaking my ribs is a proper subset of last summer
• C: last summer is a proper subset of me breaking my ribs
B
-we need information of event time, reference time and speech time
-reference time (last summer)
-speech time (now)
-event time (breaking my ribs)
• describes an event as it happens in the actual or possible world
• similar to taking a recording of an event
What are the three dimensions of time?
- S: the speech time, the time of the utterance
- E: the event time; the time of the actual event
- R/T: the reference/topic time; the time interval which the utterance describes
- simple tense in English:
- Past:
- Present:
E ⊆ T
T < S
no ordering of T and S
(i) Mary runs
(ii) Mary is running
• The speech time equals the event time
• A: only in (i)
• B: only in (ii)
• C: both in (i) and (ii)
• D: neither in (i) nor (ii)
B
Nomi has a flu
• In this utterance
• A: the speech time equals the event time
• B: the speech time doesn’t equal the event time
A
- In English, simple tense relates:
- A: E and T, namely,T ⊆ E
- B: E and T, namely, E ⊆ T
- C:T and S, namely,T < S
- D:S and E,namely,E < S • E:T and S, namely,T=S
B
When I got there at 6, Mary had arrived an hour earlier • In this example • A: E = T • B: E ⊆ T • C:T ⊆ E • D: E < T • E:T < E
D
• T = 6 pm
• Topic time follows the event time
• Hour gap between T and E
have-Perfect:
- aspect
- T and E don’t overlap
- more precisely: E < T
[has/have]
Present have-perfect
-tense: no ordering between S and T
-aspect: E < T
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
Mary has forgotten her umbrella
You have seen that movie many times.
Past have-Perfect
- Past:T < S
* have-Perfect: E < T
What relates what?
• Aspect:
• Tense:
T and E (VP level)
T and S (TP level)
• telic:
the event has concluded
• atelic:
the event may or not have concluded
God got interrupted when he was creating a unicorn
• This sentence asserts that
• A: God created a unicorn, hence unicorns exist (or at least existed)
• B: God didn’t create a unicorn, hence unicorns might not exist
C: God might or might not have created a unicorn
C
God got interrupted when he created a unicorn
• This sentence asserts that
• A: God created a unicorn, hence unicorns exist (or at least existed)
• B: God didn’t create a unicorn, hence unicorns might not exist
• C: God might or might not have created a unicorn
A
progressive:
• ongoing events (T⊆E)
• the end of the event is not within the Topic
time
• the event may or may not be completed in the actual world
• intensional –> shift to possible worlds
intensionality
• a strange property of the English progressive is that it may describe events that never materialized
I’m going to Helsinki in the summer
Example of what?
future (progressive)
-Mary had eaten the banana before I arrived.
Determine tense and aspect:
• Tense: past
o T < S
• Aspect: perfect
o E < T
-When I arrived, Mary was eating the banana
Determine tense and aspect:
• Tense: past
o T < S
• Aspect: progressive
o T c E
-Mary has eaten the banana
Determine tense and aspect:
• Tense: present (has)
o T, S (no ordering because its present)
• Aspect: perfect
o E < T
