Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what cord segments does the pudendal nerve come from

A

S1-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the branches of the pudendal nerve?

A 
dorsal n. of penis (sensory)
caudal rectal (motor)
nerve to urethralis sphincter
perineal nerves (sensory to rectum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can you see when the pudendal nerve is damaged

A

fecal and urinary incontinence; perineal reflex absent; in large animals can see exposure of penis due to flaccid paralysis of retractor penis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the definiton of the spinal reflex

A

man made instaneous motor response to a man made afferent stimulates;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spinal reflexes are automatic and only require

A

afferent neuron
3 or more spinal cord segmetns
efferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are we concerned with the afferent neuron in spinal reflex

A

no; not true with cn reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

patellar reflex involves what spinal cord segments

A

L4, L5, L6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Will reflexes work without umn? without brain?

A

yes! wont be normal; but will be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what occurs during a reflex

A

Afferent neuron, spinal cord, ascending projection, then descending projecting neuron;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

we look for a _______ response mediated by the lmn, the efferent neuron in the reflex

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two important questions to ask during a reflex?

A

does it work?

is it normal?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

it works,

A

LMN intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if it does not work

A

lmn damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if it is normal

A

lmn intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if it is not normal and depressed/absent

A

some Lmn damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if it is not normal and exaggerated

A

umn dammage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

grading reflexes +0

A

Absent; lmn problem (areflexia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

grading relfexes +1

A

depressed; lmn problem (hyporeflexia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

grading reflexes +2

A

normal; normoreflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

grading reflexes +3

A

exaggerated; umn problem (hyperreflexia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

grading reflexes +4

A

clonus; UMN problem;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the components of a reflex (except tendon reflexes- no interneurons)

A

receptor, afferent neuron (all excitatory), interneuron (excitatory or inhibitory); efferent neuron (excitatory); effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

multisynaptic reflexes

A

internurons involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

monosynpatic relfexes

A

tendon relfexes; no interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

withdrawal reflex is what kind of reflex

A

multisynaptic, but reliable!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

withdrawal reflex involves

A

stimulus (nociception) at any nerve;

flexion of all joints on thoracic limb

27
Q

If withdrawal reflex is working, what else is working?

A

C6-T2 spinal nerves and spinal cord segments

28
Q

is the crossed extensor a normal reflex?

A

Not normal in recumbant animal; normal in a standing animal because the brain should sense that you are in lateral recumbancy

29
Q

what does crossed extensor indicate?

A

umn damage cranial to the limb you are testing (considered a 5th UMN sign)

30
Q

what are the tendon reflexes?

A

biceps reflex
triceps reflex
extensor carpi radialis reflex
extensor thrust reflex (also hindlimb)

31
Q

how do you do the biceps reflex?

A

hook finger around tendon, then hit finger on upper limb; motor response should be flexion of the elbow joint (in the horse just look for m. contraction)

32
Q

afferent and efferent nerve of biceps reflex

A

musculocutaneous

33
Q

if the biceps reflex is absent

A

means nothing; but still put +0 on exam report

34
Q

if biceps reflex is working

A

musculocutatneous nerve is working (LMN are working)

35
Q

how do you do the triceps reflex

A

rotate limb to get elbow pointed out laterally; want to see extension or feel for extension of limb

36
Q

what is the afferent and efferent nerve for this reflex

A

radial nerve

37
Q

how do you do the extensor carpi radialis reflex

A

tap muscle belly (using pointed end); can do on recumbant horse right at musculotendinous junction

38
Q

what is the afferent and efferent nerve for the extensor carpi radialis reflex

A

radial nerve

39
Q

what does the extensor thrust reflex measure

A

normal tone

40
Q

how do you do the extensor thrust reflex?

A

sudden, mild/consistent pressure against pads; should fell resistance

41
Q

what is the afferent nerve for the extensor thrust reflex

A

median/ulnar (tibial on hindlimb)

42
Q

what is the efferent nerve for the extensor thrust reflex

A

all nerves innervating extensors

43
Q

what does the withdrawal relfex of the hindlimb test?

A

L4-S2 nerves and cord segments

44
Q

how is the patellar reflex different in the horse

A

horse has 3 tendons of quadriceps femoris; medial intermediate and lateral

45
Q

how do you do the cranial tibial reflex?

A

not reliable; tap cranial tibial m. belly (pointed hammer); and should see flexion of tarsal joints/hock

46
Q

what is the afferent and efferent nerve of the cranial tibial reflex

A

peroneal nerve.

47
Q

how do you do the gastrocnemius reflex

A

tapping common calcaneon tendon while holding pes; cand do in horse if recumbant (dont hold pes in horse)

48
Q

what do you see in the perineal reflex of the horse

A

see contraction of the external sphincter and tail clamps down

49
Q

what is the afferent nerve of the perineal relfex

A

pudendal nerver (perineal nerve branch)

50
Q

what is the efferent nerve of the perineal reflex

A

pudendal nerve (caudal rectal nerve branch; S1-S3)

51
Q

What nerve is responsible for the tail clamp

A

caudal nn. and caudal spinal cord (CD1-5)

52
Q

what is the bulbourethral reflex

A

stroke bulb of penis; relfexive contracteion of sphincter

53
Q

what nerve is responsible for the bulbourethral reflex

A

pudendal nerve

54
Q

bladder and rectal tone

A

not a reflex; but can assess via palpation externally or per rectum

55
Q

what is the afferent nerve for the panniculus reflex

A

any nerve from T3 to L3; they then synapse on interneurons

56
Q

interneurons of panniculus reflex ascend to

A

C6-T3 (C8-T1)

57
Q

efferent neurons of panniculus reflex

A

lateral thoracic nerve

58
Q

response of panniculus reflex

A

contraction of cutaneous trunci

59
Q

is the panniculus reflex reliable?

A

not always

60
Q

once panniculus reflex is established, how do you localize futher

A

caudal to lesion of spinal cord- panniculus reflex wont work; cranial to lesion of spinal cord, panniculus rreflex will work; usually within 3 cord segments of panniculus cut off

61
Q

what trunk reflexes are only done in the horse

A

upper cervical and lower cervical

62
Q

upper cervical reflex

A

tap skin in C1-C3 vertebral area; motor response- ear flicks forward; efferent nerve is CN III

63
Q

lower cervical reflex

A

tap skin just cranial to shoulder (over brachiocephalicus m.); afferent and efferent is C3-C6

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions