Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

prosencephalon is also known as the _____

A

forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

prosencephalon is composed of what parts

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the telencephalon?

A

cerebrum or cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

telencephalon is composed of what?

A

cortex, centrum, basal nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the diencephalon composed of?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, metathalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

diencephalon is the most ____ portion of the brainstem

A

rostral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

can you distinguish a lesion form telenephalon or diencephalon?

A

no (only on MRI). refer to as prosencephalon lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mesencephalon is also called the ____

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what part of the brain is undivided?

A

mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rhombencephalon is also called the ____

A

hind brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rhombencephalon is composed of what?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metencephalon is also called the ____

A

Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

myelencephalon is also called the ____

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

dorsal outgrowth from metencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the order of the parts of the brain?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
metencephalon (pons)
myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

OR rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the cervical spinal cord segment

A

C1-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the thoracic spinal cord segment

A

T1-13 or T1-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the lumbar spinal cord segement

A

L1-7 or L1-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the sacral spinal cord segment

A

S1-3 or 1-4 or 1-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the caudal spinal cord segment

A

Cd 1-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the neck region of the spinal cord

A

C1-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the forelimb spinal cord region

A

C6-T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the back and flank (trunk) spinal cord region

A

T3-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the hindlimb region

A

L4-S2 or S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the pelvis, anal, urinary bladder and tail regions of the spinal cord

A

S1 or S2-Cd5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does paresis mean

A

partial paralysis; weakness; “paretic”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does ataxia mean

A

uncoordinated gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why do the areas of the hindlimb spinal cord and pelvic spinal cord overlap?

A

due to the pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

view chart for nervous system pg. 32

A

x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the 5 key concepts of the nervous system

A
  1. nervous system is divided into two parts
  2. all neurons consist of 4 parts
  3. 3 types of neurons and functional systems within the NS
  4. Normal motor function requires 2 types of neurons: UMN and LMN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
peripheral nervous system (CNN and ganglia numbered I-XII, Spinal nerves and peripheral nerves, bulk of autonomic nervous system: sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nerves, ganglia, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 4 parts of a neuron

A

dendritic zone
cell body (soma, perikaryon)
axon (nerve fiber, axis cylinder)
telodendritic zone (end plate, synapse; TDz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dendritic zone in a motor neuron is called a _____

A

dendrite (beginning of a neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

dendritic zone in a sensory neuron is called a _____

A

receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where do dendritic zones lie?

A

either in the CNS or PNS for a single neuron (NOT BOTH!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

cell body of a neuron is essential for what?

A

life of a neuron; can be effected by metabolic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where do cell bodies lie?

A

in CNS or PNS for a single neuron (NOT BOTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the telodendritic zone in a nerve that innervates a muscle called?

A

neuromuscular junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons and functional systems within the NS

A
  1. sensory/afferent neurons (system)
  2. integration neurons (system)
  3. motor/efferent neurons (system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where is the dendritic zone of a sensory neuron located?

A

ALWAYS PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where is the cell body of a sensory neuron located?

A

ALWAYS PNS ganglion (Dorsal root ganglion is part of a spinal nerve, not the spinal cord); cranial ganlgion; axons are in both cns and pns (leaves pns to enter cns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Are sensory nerves excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Always excitatory; turn on other neurons in the cns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where are integration neurons located (cns or pns)?

A

all parts are in the CNS; so cant damage with a peripheral lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the function of integration neurons

A

they initiate, control, or regulate all CNS functions; but since they dont leave the CNS, they depend ont the LMN to actually carry out the functions listed above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the function of ascending projection neurons

A

relay/transfer info to brain (cerebellum or conscious cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are ascending projection neurons (also called long tracts)

A

long interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

axons of ascending projection neurons travel in which direction?

A

axons ascend in the spinal cord white matter to multiple regions of the brain passing on sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where is the cell body of a descending projection neuron located

A

cell body is in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is a descending projection neuron

A

an upper motor neuron (long interneurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the function of descending projection neurons

A

talk to and control function of LMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

motor/efferent neurons are what

A

LMN; Can be either GSE (all spinal nerves, most peripheral nerves, and cnn III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII) or GVE (all spinal/peripheral nerves and cnn III, VIII, IX, X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Are motor/efferent neurons excitatory or inhibitory

A

all are excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what occurs during a reflex?

A 
extensors are relaxed (turned off by inhibitory neurons)
flexors contract (turned on by excitatory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

see drawing pg 36 for DPN

A

X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

UMN are confined to the ____

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where are the cell bodies for UMN located

A

Brain only (NONE IN SPINAL CORD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Axons of UMN travel in which direction

A

caudally down spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

UMN function to

A

initiate voluntary movement, regulate tone, regulate posture, help control reflexes, and help regulate balance and equilibrium, but only via a LMN can it talk to the effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

are UMN excitatory or inhbitory

A

can be both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the last link between the brain and skeletal muscle

A

LMN; only neuron that actually contacts muscle or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where are the cell bodies of LMN located

A

in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

axons of LMN travel where

A

to the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How can LMN be damaged

A

either centrally (the cell body of preganglionic) or peripherally (the axon or postganglionic neuron cell body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

are LMN excitatory or inhibitory

A

all are excitatory (tonically active!); will fire all the time if not inhibited

65
Q

what happens to muscles when an UMN is damaged

A

muscles become rigid because the inhibitory neurons are not working; therefore LMN are continually firing and you have an exaggerated reflex

66
Q

is there only a single umn for every lmn?

A

no; usually a dozen or more UMN communicating with a single lmn

67
Q

what is a LMN unit?

A

cell body, axon (ventral root nerve), junction, muscle (MUST ALL BE WORKING FOR PROPER FUNCTION OF MUSCLE)

68
Q

Where is a central lesion located?

A

either in the 5 parts of the brain or the 5 parts of the spinal cord

69
Q

where is a peripheral lesion located?

A

anywhere outside the brain/spinal cord (However, can be inside our outside the skull or vertberal column)

70
Q

what are axon bundles in the PNS called

A

nerves

71
Q

what are axon bundles in the CNS called

A

tracts, fasciculi, funiculi, etc.

72
Q

what is a receptor?

A

the dendritic zone of a sensory/afferent neurons;

73
Q

what is the function of a receptor (dendritic zone)?

A

it transduces some form of energy into electrical signals, which, if strong enough or repetitive, can generate an AP that is carried centrally

74
Q

what are the different modalities

A 
touch (GSA)
temperature (GSA)
nociception (GSA; GVA)
proprioception (GP; SP)
vision (SSA)
hearing (SSA)
smell (SVA)
taste (SVA)
vibration (GSA)
Burning (GSA; GVA)
itching (GSA)
pressure (GSA; GVA)
75
Q

What are the 3 sensory modalities that are reliable and observable so veterinarians can use in a neuro exam

A

nociception/pain
proprioception
vision

76
Q

review gsa, gva, gse, gve, ssa, sva

A

x

77
Q

once the axon of a sensory neuron enters the CNS, what does it do?

A

it can ascend in the white matter on the same or opposite side several segments
it can descend in the white matter on the same or opposite side several segements

78
Q

the axon of a sensory neuron in the cns will eventually synapse on what

A

interneurons, projection neurons, or motor neurons inthe ipsilateral or contralateral gray horn

79
Q

LMN to skeletal muscle are ____

A

somatic LMN

80
Q

LMN to autonomic tissue called ______

A

pre-ganglionic LMN, and the second LMN which has cell body in PNS is post-ganglionic LMN

81
Q

nerves are classified as

A

motor
sensory (GSA)
both motor and sensory (mixed)

82
Q

why are these faulty classifications

A

sensory nerves to skin also supply GVA and GVE fibers to blood vessels as well as return GSA fibers, and motor nerves also carry GVA and GVE fibers to blood vessels in muscle as well as return proprioceptive information (GSA) from muscle spindles along with the GSE fibers they send to skeletal muscle

83
Q

be able to describe a nerve in great detail

A

x

84
Q

receptors convert ______ energy into electrical signals

A

chemical, mechanical, thermal or radiant energy

85
Q

what modalities are unconscious but important to consider

A

Blood pressure (GVA)
CO2 or O2 (GVA)
PH (GVA)
(baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, unconscious perception)

86
Q

Plegia

A

paralysis

87
Q

paraplegic

A

only half limbs are paralyzed

88
Q

patient assessment includes

A 
signalment
chief complain
history 
physical exam
neurological exam
localization of the lesion
lesion distribution
classification of the disease
differential diagnosis list
anciallary aids
diagnosis
treatment
prognosis
89
Q

history includes

A

onset (acute, subacute, chronic)
progression (progressive, intermittent, non progressive, improving)
duration
symmetry (right vs. left)

90
Q

what can you assess on PE before even touching the animal

A

gait, posture, muscle atrophy

91
Q

what are the important questions to ask yourself after Hx/PE

A

does the animal have a problem?
if so,could it be neurological?
if so, where is the lesion or abnormality?

92
Q

after you localize the lesion, ask _____

A

how extensive is it?

93
Q

lesion/distribution can be what?

A

unilateral or bilateral
asymmetric/symmetric
focal, multifocal, diffuse

94
Q

focal

A

1 lesion

95
Q

multifocal

A

2 or more lesions in 2 or more areas

96
Q

diffuse

A

major areas of entire nervous system (brain/spinal cord)

97
Q

can a lesion be bilateral and asymmetric?

A

yes

98
Q

then ask yourself after localization ____

A

what is the lesion?

how did it get there?

99
Q

what are ancillary aids

A

rule in/rule out

100
Q

DAMN IT V system for classification of dz

A 
Degenerative
autoimmune
malformation
neoplastic/nutritional
inflammatory
traumatic
vascular (stroke type events-> deprivation of blood or hemmorhage)
101
Q

sign - time curve

A

most dz have signature time curve

102
Q

curve form will vary depending on what

A

onset (acute vs. chronic)

progression (progressive, non progressive, intermittent)

103
Q

what dz can look like anything on a sign time curve

A

toxic, nutritional, metabolic (typically diffuse, generated signs)

104
Q

characteristics of toxic, nutritional, metabolic dz

A
  1. acute to subacute onset
  2. progressive but intermittent
  3. bilateral
  4. symmetric
  5. any age
  6. usually diffuse
  7. generalized signs
105
Q

what is a lesion

A

something abnormal that causes a discontinuity of tissue or loss of function of a part (tissue or organ)

106
Q

what is an anatomical lesion

A

infection, tumor, direct injury, vascular injury or clot, excessive pressure, fluid accumulation, foreign bod, etc.

107
Q

what is a genetic lesion

A

inherited

108
Q

what is a biochemical lesion

A

metabolic

109
Q

what is a toxic lesion

A

due to lack of oxygen or excess co2, etc.

110
Q

how can the nervous system be affected directly

A
  1. penetration
  2. via blood either arterial or venous
  3. via CSF (ear, nose, eye)
  4. trauma insede axial skeleton, but no penetration (laceration, vessel rupture, IV disk, pressure, etc.)
  5. spontaneous (tumor, genetic, inborn metabolic errors, etc,)
111
Q

what are the ways the nervous system can be affected indirectly

A
  1. blockage of flow or absorption of CSF; rarely elevated CSF formation
  2. blockage of blood flow to NS
  3. Ascend nerves from receptors
  4. respiratory problems
  5. failure to eliminate waste
  6. metabolic problems
  7. malformation of immune system
112
Q

what is the pia mater

A

directly adhered to brain

113
Q

dura mater

A

thick cct membrane adhered to periosteum

114
Q

is there an epidural space in the brain case?

A

no

115
Q

arachnoid

A

beneath dura mater

116
Q

subarachnoid space contains what

A

CSF

Blood vessels

117
Q

subdural space

A

post mortem artifact

118
Q

leptomeninges

A

postmortem; arachnoid that is collapsed and has trapped the blood vessels on pia mater; normally pigmented in ruminants (melanin pigmentation)

119
Q

cerebral hemispheres composed of

A 
cerebral cortex
longitudinal cerebral fissue
transverse cerebral fissure
cruciate sulcus
post-cruciate gyrus, pre-cruciate gyrus
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
120
Q

what is the cerebral cortex composed of

A

gyrus (gyri)
sulcus (sulci)
fissure

121
Q

what is a gyrus

A

elevations

122
Q

what is a sulcus

A

valley

123
Q

what is a fissure

A

deep valley that goes all the way to the white matter

124
Q

longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

divides the cerebrum into 2 hemispheres

125
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

126
Q

cruciate sulcus is found in what species

A

varies from species to species; present in all species except cats

127
Q

what is the cruciate sulcus

A

forms cross with longitudinal fissure

128
Q

post-cruciate gyrus and pre-cruciate gyrus surround the

A

primary conscious motor cortex

129
Q

frontal lobe is located where

A

area rostral to, and including, the post cruciate gyrus

130
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

conscious initiation of motor activity

131
Q

parietal lobe is located where

A

the area from the frontal lobe to approximately 1/3 distance to transverse fissure

132
Q

parietal lobe function

A

conscioius somatosensory area (pain, proprioception, touch, temperature, etc.)

133
Q

occipital lobe is located were

A

parietal lobe to transverse fissure

134
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

conscious sight and sight association area; behavior

135
Q

temporal lobe is located where

A

lateral side of hemisphere

136
Q

temporal lobe functions in

A

conscious hearing and major behavior area

137
Q

behavior is unique to the _____

A

entire forebrain

138
Q

behavior problems occur from

A

at least one lesion on the forebrain

139
Q

what is the cerebellum composed of

A

folia and sulci
vermis
lateral hemispheres (or lobes)

140
Q

folia

A

gyri on cerebellum

141
Q

vermis

A

rounded and elongated central part of the cerebellum, between the two hemispheres.

142
Q

very caudal end of medulla oblongata is composed of

A

cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna)

143
Q

what is the cerebellomedullary cistern

A

well of CSF at beginning of brain stem (between medulla and cerebellum)

144
Q

cerebral hemisphere is composed of

A 
lateral rhinal sulcus
neopallium
paleopallium
priform lobe
sylvian (pseudosylvian) sulcus)
temporal lobe
frontal, parietal, occipital lobes
olfactory bulb
transverse fissure
145
Q

what is the flocculus

A

most lateral small parts of each hemisphere (2 of them; one on each side)

146
Q

what is the function of the flocculus

A

balance and equilibrium portion of cerebellum

147
Q

how can you see the primary fissure

A

pull the cerebellum caudally to see

148
Q

where is the rostral lobe

A

note only vermis; everything rostral to primary fissure; small

149
Q

rostral lobe is primarilly associated with

A

motor activity of runk muscles

150
Q

caudal lobe

A

rest of vermis and hemisphere except for floculus (caudal to primary fissure)

151
Q

nodules

A

centrally located small lobe (1 of them; cannot see at this time)

152
Q

what is the nodules and floccules called

A

flocculonodular lobe

153
Q

what is the metencephalon composed of? (Pons)

A

transverse pontine fibers
middle cerebellar peduncle
CN V
choroid plexus of 4th ventricle

154
Q

transverse pontine fibers come from

A

UMN centers in the brain

155
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

continuation of transverse pontine above CN V

156
Q

choroid plexus of 4th ventricle

A

contains lateral aperture for CSF release into subarachnoid space (cannot see grossly)

157
Q

choroid plexus produces what

A

CSF

158
Q

Can you see midbrain or diencephalon on brain

A

No; may see optic nerve

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions