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Neuroanatomy > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the lower motor neuron signs?

A

paresis to paralysis (flaccid)
hyporeflexia to areflexia
hypotonia to atonia (flaccid muscles)
neurogenic atrophy (early and severe)

(“please respond to animal”)

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2
Q

what are the upper motor neuron signs?

A

paresis to paralysis (spastic)
normoreflexia to hyperreflexia
normotonia to hypertonia (spastic muscles)
disuse atrophy (takes months to set in)

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3
Q

what are the grades of reflexes? (normal, hyper, clonus)

A

normal +2
hyper +3
clonus +4

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4
Q

what is clonus

A

rapid, repetetive contractions

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5
Q

C1-C5 vertebrae give rise to what nerves?

A

C1-C5 spinal nerves and phrenic nerve

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6
Q

what is the function of the phrenic nerve

A

motor to diaphragm

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7
Q

what are the segments of the phrenic nerve

A

C5-C6 in dog (C4-C6 in LA); LMN that innervate the diaphragm

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8
Q

suprascapular nerve course

A

under acromion

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9
Q

why is the suprascapular nerve more susceptible to damage in the horse?

A

because the horse doesnt have an acromion, therefore it is not protected by the acromion

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10
Q

suprascapular nerve innervates what

A

supraspinatous and infraspinoatou m. (lateral stabilization of the shoulder)

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11
Q

what do you see when the suprascapular nerve is damaged

A

lateral instability of shoulder (“shoulder sweeny” in the horse)

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12
Q

axillary nerve is motor to

A

deltoideus and teres major and minor; (some of the shoulder joint flexors)

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13
Q

what do you see when the axillary nerve is damaged

A

no noticeable gait deficits

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14
Q

musculocutaneous nerve innervates what

A

cranial arm muscles

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15
Q

where is musculocutaneous nerve sensory to?

A

medial aspect of forearm in the dog

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16
Q

what is teh AZ of the musculocutaneous nerve

A

medial aspect of the forearm right int he middle (dog); shifted further distally, medial aspect of carpus in horse

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17
Q

what do you see when you damage the musculocutaneous nerve

A

minimal gait deficits on level surfaces; can see difficulty when walking up on incline

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18
Q

what are the segments of the radial nerve

A

C7-T2

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19
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate

A

craniolateral forearm muscle group (extensors of the joints distal to the shoulder)

20
Q

what is the AZ of the radial nerve

A

craniolateral surface of forearm (excluding digit 5); in large animals small area in forearm (clinicians dont worry about because its too small)

21
Q

high radial paralysis signs

A 
cant bear wight
elbow appears dropped
can still advance the limb
atrophy of caudal arm muscles and cutaneous deficits
knuckled over
22
Q

low radial paralysis signs

A 
can bear weight
manus knuckles over
atrophy of craniolateral forearm (can see in horse not dog)
loss of cutaneous sensation
common for dogs to self mutilate
23
Q

high radial paralysis looks like what other neurological deficit?

A

brachial plexus evulsion

24
Q

why is a constricted pupil a clinical sign of brachial plexus evulsion

A

because the brachial plexus includes T1 and T2 which are the locations of the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic innervation of the head (and eye)

25
Q

median and ulnar nerve together innervate what

A

caudomedial m. group of forearm (flexors of carpal and digital joints)

26
Q

what do you see when the median and ulnar nerves are damaged?

A

minimal gait deficits; carpus sags

27
Q

lateral thoracic nerve is motor to what

A

cutaneous trunci (cutaneous trunci reflex is lost when this nerve is damaged)

28
Q

nerve regeneration

A

nerves can regenerate as long as schwann cell path is intact (aprroximately 1-4 mm/day)

29
Q

femoral nerve comes from

A

L4-L6 spinal cord segments

30
Q

femoral nerve is motor to

A

cranial muscles of the thigh (patellar reflex)

31
Q

where is the AZ for the femoral nerve

A

mid thigh to mid pes

32
Q

what do you see when the femoral nerve is damaged

A

inability to bear weight (iliopsoas is main extensor of hip)

33
Q

what does the obturator nerve innervate

A

adductors of the limb

34
Q

what do you see if the obturator nerve is damaged

A

little noticeable if good friction surface; if on slick surface, limbs abduct

35
Q

when can the obturator nerve be damaged?

A

during dystocia

36
Q

sciatic nerve comes from what cord segments

A

L6 to S2

37
Q

Sciatic nerve is motor to

A

extensors of hip, felxors of stifle

38
Q

what do you see when the sciatic nerve is damged

A

can still bear weight; knuckled over; plantigrade (Patellar reflex is hyper due to lack of caudal thigh m. group)

39
Q

common peroneal (fibular) n. AZ

A

dorsum of leg and digits in cow and horse; dorsal pes in dog

40
Q

tibial AZ

A

plantar pes; entire foot in horse and cow

41
Q

pelvic nerve is from what cord segments

A

S1-S3 intermediolateral gray column

42
Q

pelvic nerve provides what innevation

A

parasympathetic innervation to pelvic viscera

43
Q

what do you see when the pelvic nerve is damaged

A

urination, defecation, and sexual problems; urinary bladder and rectal fullness (and tone) can be palpated per rectum

44
Q

does the suprascapular nerve have cutaneous distribution?

A

no

45
Q

where is axillary nerve sensory

A

craniolateral arm

46
Q

damage to fibular nerve results in

A

knuckling over on dorsum of digit and loss of sensation in AZ; animal may learn to flip limb like radial damage

47
Q

damage of tibial nerve results in

A

lowered hock when bearing weight compared to normal limb and loss of sensation, but little gait deficit

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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