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week 5 Flashcards

prokaryotes

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

species with cell lacking membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

organelles of prokaryotes

organelles

A

pilus, capsule, cell wall, plasma ebrane, dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, lagellum

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3
Q

What are the two primary branches of prokaryotes in the tree of life?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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4
Q

Are bacteria and archaea the only branches on the tree of life?

A

No, there are many other branches, including eukaryotes.

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5
Q

What is the highest branch on the tree of life?

A

There isn’t one. All branches have evolved from a common ancestor, and none is considered higher than the other.

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6
Q

How many kingdoms of life are there?

A

Six: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

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7
Q

cell structure

bacteria

A

cell wall with peptoglycan

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8
Q

cell structure

archaea

A

cell walls without peptoglycan

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9
Q

no of cells

A

both archea and eukarya are unicellula

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10
Q

how do both get nutrients

A

can be autotrophoic or heterotrophic

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11
Q

example of bacteria

A

echoli ; streptoccus

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12
Q

examples of archaea

A

methanogens, halophiles

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13
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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14
Q

Which domains of life contain prokaryotic organisms?

A

Bacteria and Archaea.

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15
Q

Which kingdoms of life are made up of eukaryotic cells?

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

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16
Q

What is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus, while eukaryotes have them.

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17
Q

What is the size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are typically 1-10 micrometers in size, while eukaryotes are larger, ranging from 10-100 micrometers.

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18
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Primarily through binary fission.

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19
Q

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

A

Eukaryotes can reproduce through both mitosis and sexual reproduction.

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20
Q

What is the difference in flagella between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes have simple flagella, while eukaryotes have complex flagella.

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21
Q

What is the difference in metabolism between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have diverse metabolisms, while eukaryotes have more restricted metabolisms.

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22
Q

domain archaea

Kingdom archaebacteria

A

oldest forms of life on earth

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23
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Microorganisms that can survive in extreme conditions, such as those with high temperatures, acidity, or salinity.

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24
Q

Give an example of an extremophile.

A

Halobacterium salinarum, which thrives in extremely salty conditions.

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25
Q

What are methanogens, and where are they found?

A

Methanogens are archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism. They are found in oxygen-free environments, such as marshes, ocean bottoms, and the digestive tracts of certain animals.

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26
Q

What are hyperthermophiles?

A

Archaea that live in extremely hot environments, such as hot springs and geothermal pools, typically above 80°C.

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27
Q

What are the three characteristic shapes of bacteria?

A

Give an example of a bacillus-shaped bacteria and its characteristics.

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28
Q

Bacillus (rod-shaped), coccus (spherical-shaped), and spirillum (spiral-shaped).

A

Firmicutes are rod-shaped bacteria that are metabolically diverse and play important roles in soil and fermentation processes.

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29
Q

domain bacteria kingdom bacteria

the most abundant on earth and

A

distrubted more widely than any other organism

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30
Q

Give an example of a spirillum-shaped bacteria and its characteristics.

A

Spirochaeles are spiral-shaped bacteria with an unusual flagella. They are commonly found in aquatic habitats and can cause diseases such as syphilis and Lyme disease.

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31
Q

Give an example of a coccus-shaped bacteria and its characteristics.

A

Cyanobacteria are spherical-shaped, photosynthetic bacteria that were formerly known as “blue-green algae.” They play a crucial role in oxygen production and are found as independent cells, chains, or colonies.

32
Q

what do cyanobacteria contain

A

chlorophylla and pigments such as phycocyanin (blue and physoerythin (red)
they all prerphorm 0xygenic photsynthesis, and produce o2, N and organic compounds

33
Q

metabolic diversity

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that derive their energy from photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic molecules.

34
Q

metabolic diversity

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms.

35
Q

metabolic diversity

What are decomposers, and what is their role in the food chain?

A

Decomposers, such as fungi, feed on dead organic matter and release nutrients locked inside dead tissue, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling.

36
Q

Are Bacteria a monophyletic group

A

Yes

37
Q

synapomorphy

A

trait unique to a monophyletic group

38
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually?

A

Through binary fission, where a cell replicates its DNA, elongates, and divides into two identical daughter cells.

39
Q

Can bacteria exchange genetic material?

A

Yes, some bacteria can undergo genetic recombination via conjugation, where all or part of their genetic material is transferred to another bacterium.

40
Q

What are some key differences between Archaea and Bacteria?

A

Archaea and Bacteria have vast differences in their genetic makeup, different machinery to process genetic information, and distinct molecules in their plasma membranes and cell walls.

41
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process of converting molecular nitrogen into ammonia, which is essential for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

42
Q

What organisms are capable of nitrogen fixation?

A

Certain bacteria, including some species of aquatic cyanobacteria and those living in close association with plants, such as Rhizobium in root nodules.

43
Q

How can bacterial sensitivity to inhibitors be tested?

A

By using a sensitivity plate, where paper disks soaked in different antibiotics are placed on a Petri dish containing bacteria. The effectiveness of each antibiotic can be assessed by the zone of inhibition around the disks.

44
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Photosynthetic bacteria, formerly known as “blue-green algae,” that play a crucial role in oxygen production and are found as independent cells, chains, or colonies.

45
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms composed of cells with membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles.

46
Q

What is the third largest branch on the tree of life?

A

Eukaryotes

47
Q

What does a node on a phylogenetic tree represent?

A

A divergence event, splitting into two branches, and a common ancestor for the descendants branching off of it.

48
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

A group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants.

49
Q

root

A

recent common ancestor

50
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

51
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

A group that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon.

52
Q

diff w domain eukarya

cell wall animal cell

A

absent

53
Q

diff w domain eukarya

shape animal cell

A

irregular

54
Q

diff w domain eukarya

animal cell chloroplast

A

absent

55
Q

diff w domain eukarya

cell wall plant cell

A

present

56
Q

diff w domain eukarya

shape plant cell

A

fixed

57
Q

chloroplast plant cell

A

yes

58
Q

What are protists?

A

A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi, animals, or land plants. They are often referred to as a paraphyletic group.

59
Q

What are some common features of protists?

A

Most are very small and tend to live in moist areas.

60
Q

domain eukarya

4 kingdoms

A

Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, and Protista.

61
Q

eukarya

importance of algae?

A

photosynthetic, contribute significantly to global oxygen production, form the base of many food chains, and play key roles in various ecosystems.

62
Q

What are some characteristics of green algae?

A

They are found in fresh and salt water, can be unicellular, filamentous, or colonial, and are likely ancestral to land plants. They share chlorophyll a and b, store starch as a carbohydrate reserve, and have cell walls made of cellulose.

63
Q

What is an example of a filamentous green algae?

A

Spirogyra, commonly found in running streams and known for its slippery texture.

64
Q

What is an example of a colonial green algae?

A

Volvox, which forms spherical colonies of many Chlamydomonas-like cells, each with two flagella, and exhibits oogamous reproduction.

65
Q

oogamous reproduction

A

motile sperm fuse with large motile eggs to form diploid zygote

66
Q

What are some characteristics of brown algae?

A

primarily marine, complex,
and unique among protists in that all species are multicellular. They are photosynthetic, sessile, and most exhibit alternation of generations.

67
Q

What are some examples of brown algae?

A

Kelp and Sargassum, which form underwater forests and provide important habitats for a variety of animals.

68
Q

What is Fucus, and what type of reproduction does it undergo?

A

Fucus, commonly known as rockweed, is a type of brown algae that undergoes sexual reproduction. The tips of its branches, called conceptacles, contain the reproductive structures (oogonia for female eggs and antheridia for male sperm).

69
Q

What are some characteristics of red algae?

A

They mostly live in warm marine habitats, can grow in many forms, and can live at considerable depths. They are almost all photosynthetic, have no flagella, and reproduce by producing spores through mitosis.

70
Q

What are diatoms, and what are their characteristics?

A

Diatoms are unicellular or chain-forming algae with external, silicon-rich shells. They are photosynthetic, form a primary link in the food chain, and are abundant in cold, nutrient-rich waters.

71
Q

red algae

archaeplastida

A
  • ## primarly in warm marine habitats
72
Q

What are dinoflagellates, and what are their characteristics?

A

Dinoflagellates are unicellular, primary producers with a bizarre appearance due to their cellulose plates and two flagella. They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic and some are bioluminescent.

73
Q

What are harmful algal blooms, and why are they dangerous to humans?

A

Harmful algal blooms occur when toxin-producing dinoflagellates reach high densities in an aquatic environment. These toxins can accumulate in shellfish, causing poisoning in humans who consume them.

74
Q

bioluminescent

A

biochemical emissions of light by living organisms such as fireflies and deep sea fish

75
Q

(EXCAVATA) What are euglenoids, and what are their characteristics

A

Euglenoids are unicellular flagellates, mostly found in freshwater environments. They can be heterotrophic or photosynthetic, and some have light-sensitive eyespots and use flagella to swim towards light

76
Q

EXCAVATA

A

NAMED FOR THE EXCAVATED FEEDING GROOVE ON ONE SIDE OF THE CELL

bio lab (8 decks)

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