week 3

Question 1

What are the key events in development

Answer 1

1) growth
2) differentiation
3) Morphogenesis
4) Ebryology
5) then development

Question 2

Growth

Answer 2

irreversible increase in size of organism

Question 3

differentiation

Answer 3

structural and functional specialization of group of cells

Question 4

morphogenisis

Answer 4

development of pattern shape and form

Question 5

embryology

Answer 5

study of process in early development of organism

Question 6

Classification of animals

Answer 6

Animals
1) vertebrates and 2) invertebrates

Question 7

Fertilization

Answer 7

inital event in development in sexual reproduction

Question 8

what forms in fertilization

Answer 8

diploid zygote from haploid egg and sperm

Question 9

what prevents Polyspermy in Fertilization

Answer 9

changes at egg surface, only entry of one prevents multiple

once sperm enters activates egg to begin development

Question 10

What follows fertilization

Answer 10

Cleavage

Question 11

What is Cleavage

Answer 11

a period of rapid division without growth

Question 12

What is produced from continous cleavage

Answer 12

morula

Question 13

what is morula

Answer 13

a solid ball of cells

Question 14

what does cleavage form what type of morula

Answer 14

Blastula

Question 15

Blastula

Answer 15

hollow sphere of many cells with blastocoel

Question 16

what is blastocoel

Answer 16

fluid filled cavity in blastula

Question 17

what are the cells in blastula called

Answer 17

blastomeres

Question 18

After Blastulization what happens

Answer 18

Grastulation

Question 19

what does grastulation do

Answer 19

rearragnes blastula cells into three layered embryo

Question 20

Grastula

Answer 20

Three layered embryo

Question 21

embryonic germ layers

3 layers of grastula

Answer 21

ectoderm
meso derm
endo derm

each germ layer signifies specific structures that will be formed in adu

Question 22

What is Late gasrtulation called

Answer 22

Neurolation

Question 23

where does neurlation occur

Answer 23

occurs only in chordates

Question 24

what are chordates

Answer 24

vertebrates

Question 25

# late stage of gastrulation what happens in neurolation

Answer 25

ectodermal cells flatten into neural plate

Question 26

length of neural plate

Answer 26

ectends entire embryo

Question 27

# late gasturaltion neurulation center of neural plate

Answer 27

neural groove edges of plate form neural folds

Question 28

what happens to neural folds in neurulationm

Answer 28

folds move toward eachother until they eventtually produce HOLLOW neural tube ( anterior end will develeop into brain, posterior end spinal cord

Question 29

Organogenesis

Answer 29

various regions of germ layers develop into organs

Question 31

Animal pole vs. Vegetal pole:

Answer 31

Eggs and zygotes in most animals (except mammals) have two poles: the animal pole and the vegetal pole.

Question 32

what do animal and vegetal poles determine

Answer 32

how cells divide

Question 33

key differences between vegetal and animal pole

Answer 33

The vegetal pole has the most yolk (nutrients). The animal pole has little yolk but more cytoplasm.

Question 34

Animal vs Vegetal Pole polarity

Answer 34

Polarity in cells refers to the uneven distribution of materials like yolk, mRNA, and proteins. In some animals, the animal pole marks the head (anterior end).

Question 35

Less yolk, more cytoplasm.

Answer 35

Animal pole cells:

Question 36

More yolk, less cytoplasm.

Answer 36

Vegetal pole cells

Question 37

Embryonic development of the sea star

Answer 37

the fertilization is external, and is formed in salt water | aquatic

Question 38

Fertilization in sea stars occurs

Answer 38

externally

Question 39

How is the yolk distrubuted in sea stars

Answer 39

ISOLECITHAL - evenly

Question 40

ISOLECITHAL

Answer 40

even distrubition of yolk

Question 41

Cleavage in Seat stars

Answer 41

* zygote divides = two cells * yolk is holoblastic = only small amount of yolk is present but divides evenly * continues and forms morula of 16-32 cells then blastula, with blastocoel and cells are called blastomere

Question 42

does zygote division occur rapidly or slowly in sea stars

Answer 42

rapidly 2--> 4--> 8--> 16--> 32

Question 43

# sea star does embryo increase in size during this stage

Answer 43

no.

Question 44

when do cells begin differentiation in sea stars

Answer 44

when cleavage ends

Question 45

# sea star after blastula form grastula then what is the new cavity called

Answer 45

archenteron

Question 46

are 3 germ layers formed in sea star

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

# sea star 2-4-8

Answer 47

rapid cell fivision with growth

Question 48

# sea star 16-32

Answer 48

morula

Question 49

# sea star organogenesis Bipinnaria larva

Answer 49

cilliated form where u see outh digestive system and anus--> will develop into adult starfish

Question 50

embryonic development of frogs

Answer 50

fertilized externally in fresh water (amplexus) --> behavior female will discharge egss and male will shed sperm over eggs

Question 51

# frog animal pole

Answer 51

yolk little more cytoplasm

Question 52

# frog vegetal pole

Answer 52

more yolk little cytoplasm

Question 53

what are frog eggs

Answer 53

telolecithal

Question 54

Telolecithal?

Answer 54

vegetal pole contains significant amount of yolk not distributed evenly

Question 55

Cleavage in Frogs

Answer 55

Holoblastic and has small yolk present not equal in size assymetric blastula (vegetal pole has more yolk , divide slower)

Question 56

grastulation in frogs

Answer 56

involutes (layer on animal cells moves and grows down over vegetal cells and then moves inward at the blastopore

Question 57

# gratulation in frogs Yolk cells

Answer 57

enveloped, and some produce yolg plugs thru blastopore

Question 58

# grastulation in frogs does the mesodermal layer develop

Answer 58

yes

Question 59

# grastulation in frog embryo what does neurolation and organogenesisi produce

Answer 59

functioning larba

Question 60

embryonic development in chicks

Answer 60

fertilize internally within egg

Question 61

# fertilization in chicks germinal disc

Answer 61

SMALL CYTOPLASM ON SURFACE OF egg nucleus -L arge massof yolk

Question 62

# fertilization in chicks CELLS FORMED FROM GERMINAL DISC BECOME?

Answer 62

egg nucleus

Question 63

# fertilization in chicks albumen

Answer 63

surrounds egg cell

Question 64

# fertilization in chicks what does albumen suppluy embryo with

Answer 64

food and water

Question 65

# fertilization in chicks what surrounds albumen

Answer 65

two shell membranes and shell porous to gas

Question 66

# cleavage in chicks meroblastic

Answer 66

partial cleavage

Question 67

# cleavage in chicks blastodisc

Answer 67

2 layers epi blast and hypblast seperated blastocoel

Question 68

# cleavage in chicks epiblast forms

Answer 68

endodrm and mesoderm

Question 69

# cleavage in chicks cells on surface of embryo form

Answer 69

ectoderm

Question 70

# grastulation in chicks cells migrate

Answer 70

across surface of blastodisc and into primitive streak

Question 71

# grastulation in chicks primitive streak

Answer 71

midline of developing chick

Question 72

# grastulation in chicks what is embryo surrounded by

Answer 72

network of veins and arteries ==> lead to extraembryonic membranes

Question 73

# grastulation in chicks amnion

Answer 73

surrounds embryo

Question 74

# grastulation in chicks yolk sac

Answer 74

surrounds yolk

Question 75

# grastulation in chicks allantois

Answer 75

waste disposal sac

Question 76

# grastulation in chicks chorion

Answer 76

surrounds ENTIRE EMBRYO or yolk

Question 77

know

Answer 77

meroblastic holoblastic telolecthal isolecthal