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week 3 Flashcards

embryology

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the key events in development

A

1) growth
2) differentiation
3) Morphogenesis
4) Ebryology
5) then development

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2
Q

Growth

A

irreversible increase in size of organism

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3
Q

differentiation

A

structural and functional specialization of group of cells

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4
Q

morphogenisis

A

development of pattern shape and form

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5
Q

embryology

A

study of process in early development of organism

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6
Q

Classification of animals

A

Animals
1) vertebrates and 2) invertebrates

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7
Q

Fertilization

A

inital event in development in sexual reproduction

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8
Q

what forms in fertilization

A

diploid zygote from haploid egg and sperm

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9
Q

what prevents Polyspermy in Fertilization

A

changes at egg surface, only entry of one prevents multiple

once sperm enters activates egg to begin development

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10
Q

What follows fertilization

A

Cleavage

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11
Q

What is Cleavage

A

a period of rapid division without growth

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12
Q

What is produced from continous cleavage

A

morula

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13
Q

what is morula

A

a solid ball of cells

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14
Q

what does cleavage form what type of morula

A

Blastula

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15
Q

Blastula

A

hollow sphere of many cells with blastocoel

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16
Q

what is blastocoel

A

fluid filled cavity in blastula

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17
Q

what are the cells in blastula called

A

blastomeres

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18
Q

After Blastulization what happens

A

Grastulation

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19
Q

what does grastulation do

A

rearragnes blastula cells into three layered embryo

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20
Q

Grastula

A

Three layered embryo

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21
Q

embryonic germ layers

3 layers of grastula

A

ectoderm
meso derm
endo derm

each germ layer signifies specific structures that will be formed in adu

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22
Q

What is Late gasrtulation called

A

Neurolation

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23
Q

where does neurlation occur

A

occurs only in chordates

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24
Q

what are chordates

A

vertebrates

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25
Q

late stage of gastrulation

what happens in neurolation

A

ectodermal cells flatten into neural plate

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26
Q

length of neural plate

A

ectends entire embryo

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27
Q

late gasturaltion neurulation

center of neural plate

A

neural groove
edges of plate form neural folds

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28
Q

what happens to neural folds in neurulationm

A

folds move toward eachother until they eventtually produce HOLLOW neural tube ( anterior end will develeop into brain, posterior end spinal cord

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29
Q

Organogenesis

A

various regions of germ layers develop into organs

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Animal pole vs. Vegetal pole:

A

Eggs and zygotes in most animals (except mammals) have two poles: the animal pole and the vegetal pole.

32
Q

what do animal and vegetal poles determine

A

how cells divide

33
Q

key differences between vegetal and animal pole

A

The vegetal pole has the most yolk (nutrients).
The animal pole has little yolk but more cytoplasm.

34
Q

Animal vs Vegetal Pole polarity

A

Polarity in cells refers to the uneven distribution of materials like yolk, mRNA, and proteins.
In some animals, the animal pole marks the head (anterior end).

35
Q

Less yolk, more cytoplasm.

A

Animal pole cells:

36
Q

More yolk, less cytoplasm.

A

Vegetal pole cells

37
Q

Embryonic development of the sea star

A

the fertilization is external, and is formed in salt water

aquatic

38
Q

Fertilization in sea stars occurs

A

externally

39
Q

How is the yolk distrubuted in sea stars

A

ISOLECITHAL - evenly

40
Q

ISOLECITHAL

A

even distrubition of yolk

41
Q

Cleavage in Seat stars

A
  • zygote divides = two cells
  • yolk is holoblastic = only small amount of yolk is present but divides evenly
  • continues and forms morula of 16-32 cells then blastula, with blastocoel and cells are called blastomere
42
Q

does zygote division occur rapidly or slowly in sea stars

A

rapidly
2–> 4–> 8–> 16–> 32

43
Q

sea star

does embryo increase in size during this stage

A

no.

44
Q

when do cells begin differentiation in sea stars

A

when cleavage ends

45
Q

sea star

after blastula form grastula then what is the new cavity called

A

archenteron

46
Q

are 3 germ layers formed in sea star

A

yes

47
Q

sea star

2-4-8

A

rapid cell fivision with growth

48
Q

sea star

16-32

A

morula

49
Q

sea star organogenesis

Bipinnaria larva

A

cilliated form where u see outh digestive system and anus–> will develop into adult starfish

50
Q

embryonic development of frogs

A

fertilized externally in fresh water
(amplexus) –> behavior
female will discharge egss and male will shed sperm over eggs

51
Q

frog

animal pole

A

yolk little more cytoplasm

52
Q

frog

vegetal pole

A

more yolk little cytoplasm

53
Q

what are frog eggs

A

telolecithal

54
Q

Telolecithal?

A

vegetal pole contains significant amount of yolk not distributed evenly

55
Q

Cleavage in Frogs

A

Holoblastic and has small yolk present not equal in size
assymetric blastula (vegetal pole has more yolk , divide slower)

56
Q

grastulation in frogs

A

involutes (layer on animal cells moves and grows down over vegetal cells and then moves inward at the blastopore

57
Q

gratulation in frogs

Yolk cells

A

enveloped, and some produce yolg plugs thru blastopore

58
Q

grastulation in frogs

does the mesodermal layer develop

A

yes

59
Q

grastulation in frog embryo

what does neurolation and organogenesisi produce

A

functioning larba

60
Q

embryonic development in chicks

A

fertilize internally within egg

61
Q

fertilization in chicks

germinal disc

A

SMALL CYTOPLASM ON SURFACE OF egg nucleus -L arge massof yolk

62
Q

fertilization in chicks

CELLS FORMED FROM GERMINAL DISC BECOME?

A

egg nucleus

63
Q

fertilization in chicks

albumen

A

surrounds egg cell

64
Q

fertilization in chicks

what does albumen suppluy embryo with

A

food and water

65
Q

fertilization in chicks

what surrounds albumen

A

two shell membranes and shell porous to gas

66
Q

cleavage in chicks

meroblastic

A

partial cleavage

67
Q

cleavage in chicks

blastodisc

A

2 layers epi blast and hypblast seperated blastocoel

68
Q

cleavage in chicks

epiblast forms

A

endodrm and mesoderm

69
Q

cleavage in chicks

cells on surface of embryo form

A

ectoderm

70
Q

grastulation in chicks

cells migrate

A

across surface of blastodisc and into primitive streak

71
Q

grastulation in chicks

primitive streak

A

midline of developing chick

72
Q

grastulation in chicks

what is embryo surrounded by

A

network of veins and arteries ==> lead to extraembryonic membranes

73
Q

grastulation in chicks

amnion

A

surrounds embryo

74
Q

grastulation in chicks

yolk sac

A

surrounds yolk

75
Q

grastulation in chicks

allantois

A

waste disposal sac

76
Q

grastulation in chicks

chorion

A

surrounds ENTIRE EMBRYO or yolk

77
Q

know

A

meroblastic
holoblastic
telolecthal
isolecthal

bio lab (8 decks)

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