week 4

Question 1

what is evolution

Answer 1

genetic change over time in a population

Question 2

gene

Answer 2

hereditary factor that influences particular trait

Question 3

allele

Answer 3

alternative form of gene

Question 4

dominant allele

Answer 4

allele that produces associate phenotype in heterozygous

Question 5

recessive allele

Answer 5

an allele that produces the associated phenotype in homozygouts

Question 6

homozygous

Answer 6

2 identical alleles

Question 7

heterozygous

Answer 7

2 diff alleles

Question 8

genotype

Answer 8

genetic makeup

Question 9

phenotype

Answer 9

physical appearance

Question 11

how old is earth

Answer 11

4.6 billion years old

Question 12

earliest sign of life

Answer 12

2.4-2.8 billion y/ago

Question 13

darwinism evolution- what evo produces

Tree of life

Answer 13

reflects evolutionary relationships of major groups (extant and extinct)

Question 14

cladogram

Answer 14

visual rep used in cladistics to show relations among organisms, and when they branched off to evolce

Question 15

diff between phylogenetic tree and cladogram

Answer 15

many use interchangably but some say clad= hypothesis , and tree of live= evolutionary history

Question 16

phylogeny

Answer 16

study of evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

Question 17

importance of phylogeny

Answer 17

understands diversity of life on earth and applied for a lot of things

Question 18

phylogeny history of evolution especially in reference to

Answer 18

lines of descent and relationships among broad froups of organiss

Question 19

monophlyetic

Answer 19

clade (inclues most resent ancestor)

Question 21

paraphyletic cladogram

Answer 21

includes most recent ancestor of all descendents but not all

Question 22

node

Answer 22

a point on a phylogeny where a single ancestral lineake breaks into two or more descendant lineages

Question 23

outgroup

Answer 23

most distantly related specieas in cladogram that f(x)s as reference and comparison point

Question 24

# vertebrate or invertebrate amphibian

Answer 24

vertebrate

Question 25

# vertebrate or invertebrate fish

Answer 25

vertebrate

Question 26

# vertebrate or invertebrate reptile

Answer 26

vertebrate

Question 27

# vertebrate or invertebrate bird

Answer 27

vertebrate

Question 28

# vertebrate or invertebrate mammal

Answer 28

vertebrate

Question 29

# vertebrate or invertebrate anthropod

Answer 29

invertebrate

Question 30

# vertebrate or invertebrate molluscs

Answer 30

invertebrate

Question 31

# vertebrate or invertebrate cinidaria

Answer 31

invertebrate

Question 32

# vertebrate or invertebrate flatworms, annelids, roundworms

Answer 32

invertebrate

Question 33

# vertebrate or invertebrate porifers

Answer 33

invertebrate

Question 34

# vertebrate or invertebrate echinoderms

Answer 34

invertebrate

Question 35

what 4 mechanisms shift allele frequencies in a population

Answer 35

natural selection genetic drift gene flow mutation | not hardy weiberg

Question 36

# 4 mechanisms natural selection

Answer 36

individuals have certain inheritaed traits that survive and reproduce at a higher trait than individuals without favorablke trait

Question 37

# 4 mechanisms which mechanism consistently results in adaptions

Answer 37

Natural selection

Question 38

adaption

Answer 38

characteristic that increases and organisms ability to survive and reproduce

Question 39

# 4 mechanisms what do adaptions of a sepecies in natural selection respond to

Answer 39

onmental conditionsenvir

Question 40

# 4 mechanisms 4 key points of natural selection

Answer 40

variation, reproduction, hereditary (selection pressure), outcome

Question 41

# 4 mechanisms : natural selection variation

Answer 41

exists has to be difference between traits for this to occur

Question 42

# 4 mechanisms: natural selection reproduction

Answer 42

not always supported by inveronment cuz of less favorable traits

Question 43

# 4 mechanisms: natural selection heredity

Answer 43

inhereted traits benefit offspring with survuval and reproduction

Question 44

# 4 mechanisms: natural selection- HEREDITY SELECTION PRESSURE

Answer 44

(temprature/predation) act on phenotype and associated genotype

Question 45

# 4 mechanisms: natural selection: hereditary: selection pressure positive selection

Answer 45

favors characteristics that increase fitness

Question 46

# 4 mechanisms: natural selection: hereditary: selection pressure negative selection

Answer 46

decreases fitness

Question 47

# 4 mechanisms Genetic drift

Answer 47

allele frq change over time due to CHANCE (sampling error_

Question 48

# 4 mechanisms example of genetic drift

Answer 48

bottle neck effect

Question 49

# 4 mechanisms genetic drift bottle neck effect

Answer 49

example of extreme genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severly reduced

Question 50

fitness

Answer 50

organisms TENDENCY to produce more offspring than competing individuals, contribute to more genes

Question 51

# 4 mechanisms gene flow

Answer 51

when individual IMMIGRATE , or EMMIgrate, a population immigrate introduce new alleles, emigrate leave remove alleles KNOWN AS MIGRATION

Question 52

# 4 mechanisms mutation

Answer 52

key to our evolution changes genetic message of cells

Question 53

# 4 mechanisms mutation and variation

Answer 53

inccreases variation

Question 54

# Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium List the 5 conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

Answer 54

1. No mutations (no changes in DNA). 1. Random mating (no preference for certain traits). 1. No natural selection (all traits have equal survival/reproductive success). 1. Very large population size (to avoid genetic drift). 1. No gene flow (no immigration/emigration of individuals).

Question 55

# Hardy-Weinberg Equation What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Answer 55

The equation: p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 56

# Hardy-Weinberg Equation The equation: p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Answer 56

p² = frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype (AA). 2pq = frequency of the heterozygous genotype (Aa). q² = frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa).

Question 57

# Allele Frequency Equation How do you calculate allele frequencies in a population?

Answer 57

The equation: p + q = 1 Where: p = frequency of the dominant allele (A). q = frequency of the recessive allele (a).

Question 58

# solving Hardy-Weinberg Problems How do you calculate frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg?

Answer 58

dentify q² (frequency of recessive phenotype). Find q by taking the square root of q². Use p + q = 1 to find p. Calculate genotype frequencies: p² = homozygous dominant frequency. 2pq = heterozygous frequency. q² = homozygous recessive frequency.

Question 59

# Example Problem In a population, 36% of individuals are recessive (aa). Find p, q, and all genotype frequencies.

Answer 59

q² = 0.36 → q = 0.6. Use p + q = 1: p = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4. Genotype frequencies: p² = (0.4)² = 0.16 (homozygous dominant). 2pq = 2(0.4)(0.6) = 0.48 (heterozygous). q² = 0.36 (homozygous recessive).

Question 60

# example of eveolution the volvocine line

Answer 60

The Volvocine Line refers to a group of green algae that show a range of complexity in structure and reproduction, illustrating evolutionary transitions from unicellular to multicellular organisms.

Question 61

List examples of organisms in the Volvocine Line.

Answer 61

Chlamydomonas: Unicellular green algae. Gonium: Colonial green algae (few cells work together). Volvox: Multicellular green algae with specialized cells for reproduction and locomotion.

Question 62

What are the key evolutionary trends in the Volvocine Line?

Answer 62

Transition from unicellular to multicellular forms. Increasing specialization of cells (e.g., reproductive vs. somatic). Greater coordination and division of labor within colonies.

Question 63

# Evolutionary Progression in the Volvocine Line What is the evolutionary sequence leading from Chlamydomonas to Volvox?

Answer 63

Chlamydomonas: Unicellular algae. Gonium: Evolved from Chlamydomonas; colonial with few cells working together. Pandorina: Evolved from Gonium; more cells in a coordinated colony. Eudorina: Evolved from Pandorina; larger colony with more complex coordination. Volvox: Evolved from Eudorina; multicellular with highly specialized cells for reproduction and movement.