Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio lab > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

evolution

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is evolution

A

genetic change over time in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gene

A

hereditary factor that influences particular trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

allele

A

alternative form of gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dominant allele

A

allele that produces associate phenotype in heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele that produces the associated phenotype in homozygouts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

homozygous

A

2 identical alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

heterozygous

A

2 diff alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how old is earth

A

4.6 billion years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

earliest sign of life

A

2.4-2.8 billion y/ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

darwinism evolution- what evo produces

Tree of life

A

reflects evolutionary relationships of major groups (extant and extinct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cladogram

A

visual rep used in cladistics to show relations among organisms, and when they branched off to evolce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diff between phylogenetic tree and cladogram

A

many use interchangably but some say clad= hypothesis , and tree of live= evolutionary history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

importance of phylogeny

A

understands diversity of life on earth and applied for a lot of things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

phylogeny history of evolution especially in reference to

A

lines of descent and relationships among broad froups of organiss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

monophlyetic

A

clade (inclues most resent ancestor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

paraphyletic cladogram

A

includes most recent ancestor of all descendents but not all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

node

A

a point on a phylogeny where a single ancestral lineake breaks into two or more descendant lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

outgroup

A

most distantly related specieas in cladogram that f(x)s as reference and comparison point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

amphibian

A

vertebrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

fish

A

vertebrate

26
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

reptile

A

vertebrate

27
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

bird

A

vertebrate

28
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

mammal

A

vertebrate

29
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

anthropod

A

invertebrate

30
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

molluscs

A

invertebrate

31
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

cinidaria

A

invertebrate

32
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

flatworms, annelids, roundworms

A

invertebrate

33
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

porifers

A

invertebrate

34
Q

vertebrate or invertebrate

echinoderms

A

invertebrate

35
Q

what 4 mechanisms shift allele frequencies in a population

A

natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow
mutation

not hardy weiberg

36
Q

4 mechanisms

natural selection

A

individuals have certain inheritaed traits that survive and reproduce at a higher trait than individuals without favorablke trait

37
Q

4 mechanisms

which mechanism consistently results in adaptions

A

Natural selection

38
Q

adaption

A

characteristic that increases and organisms ability to survive and reproduce

39
Q

4 mechanisms

what do adaptions of a sepecies in natural selection respond to

A

onmental conditionsenvir

40
Q

4 mechanisms

4 key points of natural selection

A

variation, reproduction, hereditary (selection pressure), outcome

41
Q

4 mechanisms : natural selection

variation

A

exists has to be difference between traits for this to occur

42
Q

4 mechanisms: natural selection

reproduction

A

not always supported by inveronment cuz of less favorable traits

43
Q

4 mechanisms: natural selection

heredity

A

inhereted traits benefit offspring with survuval and reproduction

44
Q

4 mechanisms: natural selection- HEREDITY

SELECTION PRESSURE

A

(temprature/predation) act on phenotype and associated genotype

45
Q

4 mechanisms: natural selection: hereditary: selection pressure

positive selection

A

favors characteristics that increase fitness

46
Q

4 mechanisms: natural selection: hereditary: selection pressure

negative selection

A

decreases fitness

47
Q

4 mechanisms

Genetic drift

A

allele frq change over time due to CHANCE (sampling error_

48
Q

4 mechanisms

example of genetic drift

A

bottle neck effect

49
Q

4 mechanisms genetic drift

bottle neck effect

A

example of extreme genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severly reduced

50
Q

fitness

A

organisms TENDENCY to produce more offspring than competing individuals, contribute to more genes

51
Q

4 mechanisms

gene flow

A

when individual IMMIGRATE , or EMMIgrate, a population
immigrate introduce new alleles, emigrate leave remove alleles

KNOWN AS MIGRATION

52
Q

4 mechanisms

mutation

A

key to our evolution changes genetic message of cells

53
Q

4 mechanisms

mutation and variation

A

inccreases variation

54
Q

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

List the 5 conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

A
  1. No mutations (no changes in DNA).
  2. Random mating (no preference for certain traits).
  3. No natural selection (all traits have equal survival/reproductive success).
  4. Very large population size (to avoid genetic drift).
  5. No gene flow (no immigration/emigration of individuals).
55
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

The equation: p² + 2pq + q² = 1

56
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

The equation: p² + 2pq + q² = 1

A

p² = frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype (AA).
2pq = frequency of the heterozygous genotype (Aa).
q² = frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa).

57
Q

Allele Frequency Equation

How do you calculate allele frequencies in a population?

A

The equation: p + q = 1
Where:
p = frequency of the dominant allele (A).
q = frequency of the recessive allele (a).

58
Q

solving Hardy-Weinberg Problems

How do you calculate frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg?

A

dentify q² (frequency of recessive phenotype).
Find q by taking the square root of q².
Use p + q = 1 to find p.
Calculate genotype frequencies:
p² = homozygous dominant frequency.
2pq = heterozygous frequency.
q² = homozygous recessive frequency.

59
Q

Example Problem

In a population, 36% of individuals are recessive (aa). Find p, q, and all genotype frequencies.

A

q² = 0.36 → q = 0.6.
Use p + q = 1: p = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4.
Genotype frequencies:
p² = (0.4)² = 0.16 (homozygous dominant).
2pq = 2(0.4)(0.6) = 0.48 (heterozygous).
q² = 0.36 (homozygous recessive).

60
Q

example of eveolution

the volvocine line

A

The Volvocine Line refers to a group of green algae that show a range of complexity in structure and reproduction, illustrating evolutionary transitions from unicellular to multicellular organisms.

61
Q

List examples of organisms in the Volvocine Line.

A

Chlamydomonas: Unicellular green algae.
Gonium: Colonial green algae (few cells work together).
Volvox: Multicellular green algae with specialized cells for reproduction and locomotion.

62
Q

What are the key evolutionary trends in the Volvocine Line?

A

Transition from unicellular to multicellular forms.
Increasing specialization of cells (e.g., reproductive vs. somatic).
Greater coordination and division of labor within colonies.

63
Q

Evolutionary Progression in the Volvocine Line

What is the evolutionary sequence leading from Chlamydomonas to Volvox?

A

Chlamydomonas: Unicellular algae.
Gonium: Evolved from Chlamydomonas; colonial with few cells working together.
Pandorina: Evolved from Gonium; more cells in a coordinated colony.
Eudorina: Evolved from Pandorina; larger colony with more complex coordination.
Volvox: Evolved from Eudorina; multicellular with highly specialized cells for reproduction and movement.

bio lab (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions