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bio lab > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

scientific method, genetics

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the seven steps of scientific method

A
  1. Make observation
  2. make testable questions
  3. make hypothesis
  4. experiment
  5. analyze- does it support hypothesis?
  6. conclude
  7. share
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2
Q

What mosel organism did Mendel use

A

Peas

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3
Q

what question did mendel ask?

A

What are the basic patterns of transmission of traits** from parent to offspring?

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4
Q

What did his question lead to

A

discovered
1) Fundaental principles of heredity
2) concept of dominant and recessive traits
3) 3) segregation and independent assortment of alleles

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5
Q

What is Blending Inheritance

A

Traits from Mother and father blend together–> form observable traits

black sheep x white sheep = grey sheep

intermediate traits

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6
Q

What is inheritence of acquired characteristics

A

traits:
Modified (thru use), passed onto offspring thru modified use

giraffes need longer necks by straining to reach leaves–> offspring w l

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7
Q

Mendels experimental Method with purple and white flowers

A
  • he removed male anther pf purple flower
  • prevented self fertilization
  • dusted the stigma (female part with white flower pollen

these flowers were self fertilizing (both male and female parts)

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8
Q

what was the result of mendels purple and white flower

A

First generation of those flowers has ALL PURPLE

2) Second generation 3:1 of purple flowers to white flowers
genotype ration: 1:2:1

these offspring were known as hybrids

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9
Q

What was this experiment w peas and flowers called

A

Monohybrid cross

all resulted in 3:1 ration

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10
Q

What did mendels monohybrid cross prove in relation to blending inheritance?

A

Disproved it

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11
Q

what 7 traits did mendel test in all his experiments

A
  1. seed shape
  2. seed color
  3. pod shape
  4. pod color
  5. flower color
  6. flower and pod position
  7. stem length
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12
Q

Particulate theory

A

genes occur in pairs and determine traits.
2) during gamete formation genes seperate –> each gamete only contain one gene from homoglous pair
3) offspring will inherit combo of genes NOT BLENDED

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13
Q

Are traits aquired and modified thru use?

A

No, they are passed on as discreet units

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14
Q

genotype

A

genetic information, alleles which determine dominance or recessiveness

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15
Q

phenotype

A

outter appearance or trait

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16
Q

What are the 3 Mendelian Principles of inheritance

A
  1. Law of Segregation
  2. law of independent Assortment
  3. Law of Dominance
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17
Q

What is the princple of segregation

A
  1. punnet square
  2. two alleles of a gene SEGREGATE into SEPERATE GAMETES w a 50/50 chance of carrying a homogolous pair
  3. Genes will combine randomly to produce a PHENOTYPE according to rules of dominance
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18
Q

What is the Principle of Independent Assortment

A

genes on non homogolous diff chromosomes will distribute randomly

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19
Q

Does independent assortment increase or decrease genetic varability?

A

Increase

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20
Q

opposite of Independent assortment

A

Dependent

alleles of diff genes stay together when gaetes form

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21
Q

Law of Dominance

A
  1. Simple Dominance
  2. Incomplete Dominance
  3. Codominance
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22
Q

Simple Dominance

A

peas and flowers
F2 1:2:1 ratio

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23
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Intermediate traits fesult from heterozygous fominance
F2: 1:2:1
results in blending of phenotype but ALLELES WILL REMAIN DISTINCT

this is not like blending inheritance cuz blending inherentence means blending gense cant happen

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24
Q

Co dominance

A

Both recessive and Dominant traits appear in the phenotype of hybrid organisms

25
Q

Lethal inheritance

A

Inherited gene leads to death

26
Q

Why were peas ideal model organism

A

easy to manipulate, cheap, many, short reproductive cycle

27
Q

example of Codominance

A

Blood types

28
Q

Types of Blood types

A

Types A , B, AB , O

29
Q

Letters of blood types

A

Indicaed what antigens (protiens)(agglutinogens) u inherit

30
Q
A

3 alleles for blood type:
iA
iB
i
ppt page 30
crate punnet
ii= O

31
Q

What makes up our blood

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. WBC
  3. PLASMA
  4. PLATELETS
    1.
32
Q

ERETHROCYTES

A

RED BLOOD CELLS
- MOST ABUNDANT CELLS IN OUR BLOOD

33
Q

Where are RBCS PRODUCED

A

bone marrow

34
Q

What Protien do Erythrocytes carry

A

hemoglobin

35
Q

role of hemoglobin

A

carry O2

36
Q

Leukocytes

A
  1. white blood cells
  2. part of immune system
  3. destroy pathogens (infectious agents)
37
Q

Plasma

A

Yellowish liquid of blood,

38
Q

what does Plasma contain

A
  1. nutrients
  2. vitamins
  3. hormones
  4. clotting factors
  5. protiens like antibodies
39
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets
clotting factors that are carried in plasma

40
Q

process of clotting

A

coagulation

41
Q

Foor blood type we make antibodies for?

A

Antigens we dont carry

42
Q

If u have bood type A what antigen does ur body not produce

A

antibodies against antigen A
antibodies B will broduce

43
Q

What antibodies will produce for Type B

A

A antibodies

44
Q

type of Antibodies for AB?

A

none

45
Q

type of antibodies for O

A

all

univerale carrier

46
Q

Agglutination

A

clumping

47
Q

When does Agglutination occur

A

when blood cells stick together and when donor blood cells are incompatible with recipent serum

48
Q

How to determine blood type of a person?

A

add serums to person blood type,
serum b contains antigen against nantigen B
clump will form and u find this in AB and B blood time

49
Q

Rh Factor

named after rhesus monkeys

A

type of protien
determine positivity and negativity of blood type

50
Q

RH +

A

u have rh protien

51
Q

rh -

A

u do not have rh protein

52
Q

clumps

A

+ rh cuz cell has antigen

53
Q

no clump

A
  • rh cuz no antigen
54
Q

what blood type each blood type can receive

A

ppt pg 40

55
Q

sex autosomes

A

not sex chromosomes

56
Q

how many pairs of autosomes in human body

A

22

57
Q

how many pairs of sex chromosomes in human body

A

1 pair

58
Q

sex linked diseases

A

color blindness
recessive Xa
` will be expressed in males
on ly expressed in females if homolgyous ie XaXa

bio lab (8 decks)

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