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Anatomy of the Limbs & Back > Week 4 - The Hand & Wrist > Flashcards

Week 4 - The Hand & Wrist Flashcards

1
Q

What are the movements of the wrist?

A
  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Abduction (radial deviation)
  • Adduction (ulnar deviation)

These movements allow for a wide range of motion in the wrist.

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2
Q

What are the movements of the thumb?

A
  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Opposition
  • Reposition

These movements are crucial for thumb functionality and grip.

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3
Q

What are the movements of digits 2-5?

A
  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Abduction
  • Adduction

These movements enable various hand functions and dexterity.

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4
Q

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

A

Pivot Synovial Joint

This joint allows for pronation and supination of the forearm.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex?

A

Binds DRU joint & absorbs shock

It includes the articular disc that facilitates movement and stability.

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6
Q

What does the articular disc of the TFCC allow for?

A

Pronation/supination on a relatively static ulna

This disc is crucial for wrist mobility.

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7
Q

What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Condyloid Synovial Joint

It is formed between the radius, articular disc of TFCC, and carpal bones.

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8
Q

What ligaments are associated with the radiocarpal joint?

A
  • TFCC
  • Palmar & Dorsal Radiocarpal ligaments
  • Ulnar & Radial collateral ligaments

These ligaments provide stability to the wrist.

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9
Q

What type of joints are the midcarpal and intercarpal joints?

A

Compound joint and Plane Joints

They consist of several intercarpal joints that facilitate wrist movement.

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10
Q

What is the role of the palmar/volar plates/ligaments?

A

Limit hyperextension

They are thick ligamentous structures that provide stability.

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11
Q

What is the function of collateral ligaments in the MCP joints?

A

Reinforce laterally and prevent abduction when flexed

These ligaments are essential for joint stability.

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12
Q

What structures form the carpal tunnel?

A

Deep: Carpal bones; Superficial: Flexor retinaculum/Transverse carpal ligament

This tunnel houses important tendons and the median nerve.

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13
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus, Flexor pollicis longus, Median nerve

These structures are vital for hand movement and sensation.

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14
Q

What is Skier’s Thumb?

A

Hyperabduction/extension of 1st MCPJ rupturing Ulnar collateral MCPJ ligaments

This injury results from excessive stress on the thumb joint.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Skier’s Thumb?

A
  • Weak grasp with thumb
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Instability

These symptoms indicate a possible ligament injury.

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16
Q

What causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Median nerve compression due to swelling/tumour
  • Inflammation
  • Arthritis

This condition affects hand function and sensation.

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17
Q

What are the risk factors for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • > 50yrs
  • Female
  • Repetitive movements
  • Pregnancy

Certain demographics are more prone to this condition.

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18
Q

What are common symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Tingling
  • Pain
  • Numbness
  • Dropping things
  • Thenar muscular atrophy

These symptoms typically worsen over time without treatment.

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19
Q

What are the treatments for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A
  • Steroid injections
  • Splinting
  • Open/endoscopic carpal tunnel release

These treatments aim to relieve pressure on the median nerve.

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20
Q

What is Tinel’s Sign?

A

Percussing nerve lightly at wrist -> paraesthesia

This test helps diagnose nerve compression issues.

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21
Q

What is Phalen’s manoeuvre?

A

Hold wrist flexion position for 1-3mins -> paraesthesia

This test indicates potential Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

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22
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Genetic disorder of collagen that weakens volar plates

This condition can lead to joint instability and increased injury risk.

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23
Q

What is the forearm also known as?

A

Antebrachium

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24
Q

What are the three osseofascial compartments of the forearm?

A
  • Anterior Compartment
  • Lateral Compartment
  • Posterior Compartment
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25
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Median nerve (except 1.5 muscles supplied by the ulnar nerve)

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26
Q

What structure divides the forearm into compartments?

A
  • Deep fascia
  • Interosseous membrane
  • Fibrous intermuscular septa
27
Q

Name one muscle from the superficial group of the anterior compartment of the forearm.

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radiais

28
Q

What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Radial artery
  • Ulnar artery
29
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a ligamentous band that unites the shafts of the radius and ulna.

A

Interosseous membrane

30
Q

What is the primary function of the flexor retinaculum?

A

Holds the long flexor tendons in position at the wrist

31
Q

What forms the carpal tunnel?

A

The concave anterior surface of the wrist converted by the flexor retinaculum

32
Q

True or False: The extensor retinaculum holds the long flexor tendons in position.

33
Q

What structures pass superficial to the flexor retinaculum?

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
  • Ulnar nerve
  • Ulnar artery
  • Palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve
  • Palmaris longus tendon
  • Palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve
34
Q

Which nerve passes deep to the flexor retinaculum?

A

Median nerve

35
Q

What is the clinical significance of the anatomic snuffbox?

A

Scaphoid bone palpation and radial artery pulsation

36
Q

What type of skin is found on the palm of the hand?

A

Thick and hairless

37
Q

What is the palmar aponeurosis?

A

A triangular structure occupying the central area of the palm

38
Q

What is the function of the extensor retinaculum?

A

Holds the long extensor tendons in position

39
Q

Name one structure that passes deep to the extensor retinaculum.

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris tendon
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensors pollicis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensors carpi radialis brevis
Extensors pollicis longus
Extensors indices
Extensors digitorum
Extensors digiti minimi

40
Q

What is the primary action of the hand facilitated by the thumb?

A

Pincer-like action

41
Q

What type of glands are present in large numbers on the palm of the hand?

A

Sweat glands

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The wrist is a common site for _______.

43
Q

What does the deep fascia of the wrist and palm form?

A

Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis

44
Q

True or False: The skin on the dorsum of the hand is thick and hairless.

45
Q

What is the function of the palmar aponeurosis?

A

To give firm attachment to the overlying skin and so improve the grip and to protect the underlying tendons.

46
Q

True or False: The palmar aponeurosis is triangular and occupies the central area of the palm.

47
Q

What are the boundaries of the fascial spaces of the palm important for?

A

They may limit the spread of infection in the palm.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: Dupuytren contracture is a localized thickening and contracture of the _______.

A

palmar aponeurosis

49
Q

What are the names of the two spaces divided by the fibrous septum from the lateral border of the palmar aponeurosis?

A
  • Thenar space
  • Midpalmar space
50
Q

What is the treatment for Dupuytren contracture?

A

Surgical division of the fibrous bands followed by physiotherapy or injection of collagenase.

51
Q

Describe the contents of the thenar space.

A

Contains the first lumbrical muscle and lies deep to the long flexor tendons to the index finger.

52
Q

What is the clinical significance of the fascial spaces of the palm?

A

They can become infected and distended with pus due to infections like acute suppurative tenosynovitis.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The pulp space of the fingers is a closed fascial compartment situated anterior to the _______.

A

terminal phalanx

54
Q

What type of infection is commonly associated with the pulp space of the fingers?

A

Pulp Space Infection (Felon)

55
Q

What can happen if a pulp space infection is left untreated?

A

Infection of the terminal phalanx can occur.

56
Q

True or False: The digital artery branch to the epiphysis of the distal phalanx runs through the pulp space.

57
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between the proximal end of the pulp space and the digital synovial sheath?

A

The close relationship accounts for the involvement of the sheath in the infectious process when the pulp space infection has been neglected.

58
Q

What does the deep fascia of the pulp of each finger fuse with?

A

The periosteum of the terminal phalanx.

59
Q

How is the palmar aponeurosis structured at the base of the fingers?

A

It divides into four slips, each of which further divides into two bands.

60
Q

What clinical condition may begin at the root of the ring finger and draw it into the palm?

A

Dupuytren contracture

61
Q

What are the two major components of the deep fascia of the wrist and palm?

A
  • Flexor retinaculum
  • Palmar aponeurosis
62
Q

What occurs in the midpalmar space?

A

Contains the second, third, and fourth lumbrical muscles.

63
Q

Fill in the blank: The function of the fascial spaces of the palm is to provide ________ for the hand.

A

potential spaces filled with loose connective tissue

Anatomy of the Limbs & Back (18 decks)

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