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Anatomy of the Limbs & Back > Week 19 - Osteology of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Week 19 - Osteology of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only bone in the thigh and the longest bone in the body?

A

The femur

The femur serves as a critical structural component in the human body.

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the femur?

A
  • Proximal
  • Shaft
  • Distal
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3
Q

What joint does the proximal aspect of the femur articulate with?

A

The acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint.

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4
Q

What are the two bony processes found in the proximal femur?

A
  • Greater trochanter
  • Lesser trochanter
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5
Q

What is the function of the head of the femur?

A

Articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint.

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6
Q

What is the angle of projection of the neck of the femur to the shaft?

A

Approximately 135 degrees.

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7
Q

What muscles attach to the greater trochanter?

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Piriformis
  • Vastus lateralis
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8
Q

What can cause an avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter?

A

Forceful contraction of the gluteus medius.

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9
Q

What is the location and function of the lesser trochanter?

A

Projects from the posteromedial side of the femur; site of attachment for iliopsoas.

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10
Q

What is the intertrochanteric line?

A

A ridge of bone that runs in an inferomedial direction on the anterior surface of the femur.

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11
Q

What ligament attaches at the intertrochanteric line?

A

The iliofemoral ligament.

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12
Q

What is the intertrochanteric crest?

A

A ridge of bone connecting the two trochanters located on the posterior surface of the femur.

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13
Q

What is the clinical relevance of neck of femur fractures?

A

Common in the elderly due to low energy falls; more prevalent in women.

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14
Q

What are the two main groups of neck of femur fractures?

A
  • Intracapsular
  • Extracapsular
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15
Q

What is the typical consequence of an intracapsular neck of femur fracture?

A

Potential damage to the medial femoral circumflex artery leading to avascular necrosis.

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16
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A

Roughened ridges of bone on the posterior surface of the femoral shaft.

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17
Q

What does the medial border of the linea aspera become proximally?

A

The pectineal line.

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18
Q

What is the distal end of the femur characterized by?

A

The presence of medial and lateral condyles.

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19
Q

What articulates with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur?

A

The tibia and patella.

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20
Q

What is the intercondylar fossa?

A

A deep notch on the posterior surface of the femur between the two condyles.

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21
Q

What ligaments attach at the intercondylar fossa?

A
  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
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22
Q

True or False: The medial epicondyle is larger than the lateral epicondyle.

A

True.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The distal femur has rounded areas called _______.

A

[medial and lateral condyles]

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24
Q

What can cause a fracture of the femoral shaft?

A

Typically a high energy injury; can occur in the elderly due to low energy falls.

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25
Q

What is a common type of fracture for the femoral shaft?

A

Spiral fracture.

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26
Q

What neurovascular structures are at risk with a closed femoral shaft fracture?

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Femoral artery
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27
Q

What is the location of the patella?

A

The patella is located at the front of the knee joint, within the patellofemoral groove of the femur.

The patella is commonly referred to as the kneecap.

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28
Q

What type of bone is the patella classified as?

A

The patella is classified as a sesamoid type bone.

It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body.

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29
Q

What are the attachments of the patella?

A

The superior aspect is attached to the quadriceps tendon and the inferior aspect to the patellar ligament.

This positioning plays a crucial role in its function.

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30
Q

What is the shape of the patella?

A

The patella has a triangular shape, with anterior and posterior surfaces.

The apex is situated inferiorly while the base forms the superior aspect.

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31
Q

What connects the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity?

A

The apex of the patella is connected to the tibial tuberosity by the patellar ligament.

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32
Q

What are the two facets of the posterior surface of the patella?

A
  • Medial facet
  • Lateral facet

The medial facet articulates with the medial condyle of the femur, and the lateral facet articulates with the lateral condyle.

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33
Q

What are the two main functions of the patella?

A
  • Leg extension
  • Protection

Leg extension enhances the leverage of the quadriceps tendon, while protection guards the knee joint from trauma.

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34
Q

What is patellar dislocation?

A

Patellar dislocation occurs when the patella is displaced out of the patellofemoral groove.

It accounts for around 3% of knee injuries.

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35
Q

What are the common causes of patellar dislocation?

A

Patellar dislocation is commonly caused by high force impact on the patella or forceful sudden twisting of the knee.

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36
Q

In which sports is patellar dislocation more common?

A
  • Football
  • Rugby
  • Ice hockey

These sports often involve sudden movements that can lead to injury.

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37
Q

What typically causes patellar fractures?

A

Patellar fractures usually result from direct trauma to the bone or sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle.

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38
Q

In which demographic are patellar fractures more common?

A

Patellar fractures are more common in males, particularly in the 20-50 age range.

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39
Q

What happens when the patella fractures into fragments?

A

The proximal fragment is displaced superiorly by the quadriceps tendon, and the distal fragment is pulled inferiorly by the patellar ligament.

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40
Q

What is the main bone of the lower leg known as?

A

The tibia

It is commonly referred to as the shin.

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41
Q

What are the two ends of the tibia that articulate at the knee and ankle joints called?

A

Proximal and distal ends

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42
Q

What is the second largest bone in the body?

A

The tibia

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43
Q

What are the widened ends of the proximal tibia called?

A

Medial and lateral condyles

44
Q

What is the flat surface formed by the condyles of the tibia?

A

Tibial plateau

45
Q

What structure do the tibial condyles articulate with?

A

Femoral condyles

46
Q

What is located between the condyles of the proximal tibia?

A

Intercondylar eminence

47
Q

What are the projections on either side of the intercondylar eminence called?

A

Medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles

48
Q

What is the main site of attachment for ligaments and menisci of the knee joint?

A

Intercondylar eminence

49
Q

What shape is the shaft of the tibia?

A

Prism-shaped

50
Q

What are the three surfaces of the tibial shaft?

A

Anterior, posterior, and lateral

51
Q

What is the anterior border of the tibia known for?

A

Palpable subcutaneously down the anterior surface of the leg as the shin

52
Q

What marks the proximal aspect of the anterior border of the tibia?

A

Tibial tuberosity

53
Q

What is the posterior surface of the tibia marked by?

A

Soleal line

54
Q

What muscle originates from the soleal line of the tibia?

A

Soleus muscle

55
Q

What is the lateral border of the tibia also known as?

A

Interosseous border

56
Q

What does the interosseous border of the tibia give attachment to?

A

Interosseous membrane

57
Q

What is intraosseous access used for?

A

Vascular access in emergency settings

58
Q

Where are the two main sites for intraosseous access in the tibia?

A

Anteromedial surface, proximal to the medial malleolus

59
Q

What are the complications of intraosseous access?

A
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Iatrogenic fracture
  • Compartment syndrome
60
Q

What structure assists with weight-bearing at the distal end of the tibia?

A

Medial malleolus

61
Q

What does the medial malleolus articulate with?

A

Tarsal bones

62
Q

What is the groove on the posterior surface of the tibia for?

A

Tendon of tibialis posterior

63
Q

What is the fibular notch on the tibia?

A

Where the fibula is bound to the tibia

64
Q

What are the two main types of tibial fractures?

A
  • High energy trauma
  • Low energy trauma or insufficiency fractures
65
Q

Where do fractures of the tibia most commonly occur?

A

Shaft of the tibia

66
Q

What are fractures of the proximal tibia known as?

A

Tibial plateau fractures

67
Q

What classification is used for tibial plateau fractures?

A

Schatzker classification

68
Q

What is a common cause of medial malleolus fractures?

A

Ankle being twisted inwards (over-inversion)

69
Q

What type of fracture can occur at the medial malleolus?

A

Spiral fracture

70
Q

True or False: Fractures of the medial malleolus occur in isolation.

71
Q

What is the primary function of the fibula?

A

To act as an attachment for muscles, not as a weight-bearer.

72
Q

Name the three main articulations of the fibula.

A
  • Proximal tibiofibular joint
  • Distal tibiofibular joint
  • Ankle joint
73
Q

What does the proximal tibiofibular joint articulate with?

A

The lateral condyle of the tibia.

74
Q

What does the distal tibiofibular joint articulate with?

A

The fibular notch of the tibia.

75
Q

What does the ankle joint articulate with?

A

The talus bone of the foot.

76
Q

What is located on the posterior and lateral surface of the fibular neck?

A

The common fibular nerve.

77
Q

How many surfaces does the fibular shaft have?

A

Three surfaces.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: The anterior surface of the fibular shaft faces the _______.

A

[anterior compartment of the leg]

79
Q

What is the lateral malleolus?

A

The distal continuation of the lateral surface of the fibula.

80
Q

True or False: The lateral malleolus is less prominent than the medial malleolus.

81
Q

What are the two main ways in which fractures of the fibula occur at the ankle?

A
  • Forced external rotation of the ankle
  • Twisting of the foot outwards (eversion)
82
Q

What type of fracture occurs due to forced external rotation of the ankle?

A

Spiral fracture of the lateral malleolus.

83
Q

What type of fracture occurs due to eversion of the foot?

A

Transverse fracture of the lateral malleolus.

84
Q

What is the main function of the bones of the foot?

A

Provide mechanical support for soft tissues and withstand body weight.

85
Q

How are the bones of the foot categorized?

A

Into three groups: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges.

86
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

87
Q

What are the three groups of tarsal bones?

A
  • Proximal group
  • Intermediate group
  • Distal group.
88
Q

Which bones comprise the proximal tarsal group?

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus.
89
Q

What is the largest tarsal bone?

A

Calcaneus.

90
Q

What are the three articulations of the talus?

A
  • Ankle joint
  • Subtalar joint
  • Talonavicular joint.
91
Q

What does the calcaneus support?

A

The weight of the body as the heel hits the ground.

92
Q

What is the clinical relevance of fractures of the talus?

A

Can lead to avascular necrosis due to disturbed blood supply.

93
Q

What is the main cause of calcaneal fractures?

A

Axial loading from falls.

94
Q

How many metatarsals are there?

95
Q

What is the structure of each metatarsal?

A

Consists of a head, neck, shaft, and base.

96
Q

What are the three main mechanisms of metatarsal fractures?

A
  • Direct blow
  • Stress fracture
  • Excessive inversion.
97
Q

What bones do the phalanges consist of?

A

Proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges.

98
Q

How many phalanges does the great toe have?

A

Two (proximal and distal).

99
Q

What are the regions of the foot?

A
  • Hindfoot
  • Midfoot
  • Forefoot.
100
Q

What is the tuberosity on the navicular bone used for?

A

Attachment of part of the tibialis posterior tendon.

101
Q

What shape are the cuneiform bones?

A

Wedge-shaped.

102
Q

What is a common site for stress fractures in the metatarsals?

A

Necks of the second and third metatarsals.

103
Q

Fill in the blank: The proximal tarsal bones are the _______ and the _______.

A

Talus, Calcaneus.

104
Q

True or False: The talus has muscles that originate from or insert onto it.

105
Q

What can be a consequence of a calcaneal fracture?

A

Arthritis of the sub-talar joint.

106
Q

What are the names of the tarsal bones?

A
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Cuneiforms

Anatomy of the Limbs & Back (18 decks)

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